/*
 * message.c - synchronous message handling
 */

#include <linux/pci.h>  /* for scatterlist macros */
#include <linux/usb.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/nls.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/scatterlist.h>
#include <linux/usb/quirks.h>
#include <linux/usb/hcd.h>      /* for usbcore internals */
#include <asm/byteorder.h>

#include "usb.h"

static void cancel_async_set_config(struct usb_device *udev);

struct api_context {
        struct completion       done;
        int                     status;
};

static void usb_api_blocking_completion(struct urb *urb)
{
        struct api_context *ctx = urb->context;

        ctx->status = urb->status;
        complete(&ctx->done);
}


/*
 * Starts urb and waits for completion or timeout. Note that this call
 * is NOT interruptible. Many device driver i/o requests should be
 * interruptible and therefore these drivers should implement their
 * own interruptible routines.
 */
static int usb_start_wait_urb(struct urb *urb, int timeout, int *actual_length)
{
        struct api_context ctx;
        unsigned long expire;
        int retval;

        init_completion(&ctx.done);
        urb->context = &ctx;
        urb->actual_length = 0;
        retval = usb_submit_urb(urb, GFP_NOIO);
        if (unlikely(retval))
                goto out;

        expire = timeout ? msecs_to_jiffies(timeout) : MAX_SCHEDULE_TIMEOUT;
        if (!wait_for_completion_timeout(&ctx.done, expire)) {
                usb_kill_urb(urb);
                retval = (ctx.status == -ENOENT ? -ETIMEDOUT : ctx.status);

                dev_dbg(&urb->dev->dev,
                        "%s timed out on ep%d%s len=%u/%u\n",
                        current->comm,
                        usb_endpoint_num(&urb->ep->desc),
                        usb_urb_dir_in(urb) ? "in" : "out",
                        urb->actual_length,
                        urb->transfer_buffer_length);
        } else
                retval = ctx.status;
out:
        if (actual_length)
                *actual_length = urb->actual_length;

        usb_free_urb(urb);
        return retval;
}

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* returns status (negative) or length (positive) */
static int usb_internal_control_msg(struct usb_device *usb_dev,
                                    unsigned int pipe,
                                    struct usb_ctrlrequest *cmd,
                                    void *data, int len, int timeout)
{
        struct urb *urb;
        int retv;
        int length;

        urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_NOIO);
        if (!urb)
                return -ENOMEM;

        usb_fill_control_urb(urb, usb_dev, pipe, (unsigned char *)cmd, data,
                             len, usb_api_blocking_completion, NULL);

        retv = usb_start_wait_urb(urb, timeout, &length);
        if (retv < 0)
                return retv;
        else
                return length;
}

/**
 * usb_control_msg - Builds a control urb, sends it off and waits for completion
 * @dev: pointer to the usb device to send the message to
 * @pipe: endpoint "pipe" to send the message to
 * @request: USB message request value
 * @requesttype: USB message request type value
 * @value: USB message value
 * @index: USB message index value
 * @data: pointer to the data to send
 * @size: length in bytes of the data to send
 * @timeout: time in msecs to wait for the message to complete before timing
 *      out (if 0 the wait is forever)
 *
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * This function sends a simple control message to a specified endpoint and
 * waits for the message to complete, or timeout.
 *
 * If successful, it returns the number of bytes transferred, otherwise a
 * negative error number.
 *
 * Don't use this function from within an interrupt context, like a bottom half
 * handler.  If you need an asynchronous message, or need to send a message
 * from within interrupt context, use usb_submit_urb().
 * If a thread in your driver uses this call, make sure your disconnect()
 * method can wait for it to complete.  Since you don't have a handle on the
 * URB used, you can't cancel the request.
 */
int usb_control_msg(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe, __u8 request,
                    __u8 requesttype, __u16 value, __u16 index, void *data,
                    __u16 size, int timeout)
{
        struct usb_ctrlrequest *dr;
        int ret;

        dr = kmalloc(sizeof(struct usb_ctrlrequest), GFP_NOIO);
        if (!dr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        dr->bRequestType = requesttype;
        dr->bRequest = request;
        dr->wValue = cpu_to_le16(value);
        dr->wIndex = cpu_to_le16(index);
        dr->wLength = cpu_to_le16(size);

        /* dbg("usb_control_msg"); */

        ret = usb_internal_control_msg(dev, pipe, dr, data, size, timeout);

        kfree(dr);

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_control_msg);

/**
 * usb_interrupt_msg - Builds an interrupt urb, sends it off and waits for completion
 * @usb_dev: pointer to the usb device to send the message to
 * @pipe: endpoint "pipe" to send the message to
 * @data: pointer to the data to send
 * @len: length in bytes of the data to send
 * @actual_length: pointer to a location to put the actual length transferred
 *      in bytes
 * @timeout: time in msecs to wait for the message to complete before
 *      timing out (if 0 the wait is forever)
 *
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * This function sends a simple interrupt message to a specified endpoint and
 * waits for the message to complete, or timeout.
 *
 * If successful, it returns 0, otherwise a negative error number.  The number
 * of actual bytes transferred will be stored in the actual_length paramater.
 *
 * Don't use this function from within an interrupt context, like a bottom half
 * handler.  If you need an asynchronous message, or need to send a message
 * from within interrupt context, use usb_submit_urb() If a thread in your
 * driver uses this call, make sure your disconnect() method can wait for it to
 * complete.  Since you don't have a handle on the URB used, you can't cancel
 * the request.
 */
int usb_interrupt_msg(struct usb_device *usb_dev, unsigned int pipe,
                      void *data, int len, int *actual_length, int timeout)
{
        return usb_bulk_msg(usb_dev, pipe, data, len, actual_length, timeout);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_interrupt_msg);

/**
 * usb_bulk_msg - Builds a bulk urb, sends it off and waits for completion
 * @usb_dev: pointer to the usb device to send the message to
 * @pipe: endpoint "pipe" to send the message to
 * @data: pointer to the data to send
 * @len: length in bytes of the data to send
 * @actual_length: pointer to a location to put the actual length transferred
 *      in bytes
 * @timeout: time in msecs to wait for the message to complete before
 *      timing out (if 0 the wait is forever)
 *
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * This function sends a simple bulk message to a specified endpoint
 * and waits for the message to complete, or timeout.
 *
 * If successful, it returns 0, otherwise a negative error number.  The number
 * of actual bytes transferred will be stored in the actual_length paramater.
 *
 * Don't use this function from within an interrupt context, like a bottom half
 * handler.  If you need an asynchronous message, or need to send a message
 * from within interrupt context, use usb_submit_urb() If a thread in your
 * driver uses this call, make sure your disconnect() method can wait for it to
 * complete.  Since you don't have a handle on the URB used, you can't cancel
 * the request.
 *
 * Because there is no usb_interrupt_msg() and no USBDEVFS_INTERRUPT ioctl,
 * users are forced to abuse this routine by using it to submit URBs for
 * interrupt endpoints.  We will take the liberty of creating an interrupt URB
 * (with the default interval) if the target is an interrupt endpoint.
 */
int usb_bulk_msg(struct usb_device *usb_dev, unsigned int pipe,
                 void *data, int len, int *actual_length, int timeout)
{
        struct urb *urb;
        struct usb_host_endpoint *ep;

        ep = usb_pipe_endpoint(usb_dev, pipe);
        if (!ep || len < 0)
                return -EINVAL;

        urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!urb)
                return -ENOMEM;

        if ((ep->desc.bmAttributes & USB_ENDPOINT_XFERTYPE_MASK) ==
                        USB_ENDPOINT_XFER_INT) {
                pipe = (pipe & ~(3 << 30)) | (PIPE_INTERRUPT << 30);
                usb_fill_int_urb(urb, usb_dev, pipe, data, len,
                                usb_api_blocking_completion, NULL,
                                ep->desc.bInterval);
        } else
                usb_fill_bulk_urb(urb, usb_dev, pipe, data, len,
                                usb_api_blocking_completion, NULL);

        return usb_start_wait_urb(urb, timeout, actual_length);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_bulk_msg);

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void sg_clean(struct usb_sg_request *io)
{
        if (io->urbs) {
                while (io->entries--)
                        usb_free_urb(io->urbs [io->entries]);
                kfree(io->urbs);
                io->urbs = NULL;
        }
        io->dev = NULL;
}

static void sg_complete(struct urb *urb)
{
        struct usb_sg_request *io = urb->context;
        int status = urb->status;

        spin_lock(&io->lock);

        /* In 2.5 we require hcds' endpoint queues not to progress after fault
         * reports, until the completion callback (this!) returns.  That lets
         * device driver code (like this routine) unlink queued urbs first,
         * if it needs to, since the HC won't work on them at all.  So it's
         * not possible for page N+1 to overwrite page N, and so on.
         *
         * That's only for "hard" faults; "soft" faults (unlinks) sometimes
         * complete before the HCD can get requests away from hardware,
         * though never during cleanup after a hard fault.
         */
        if (io->status
                        && (io->status != -ECONNRESET
                                || status != -ECONNRESET)
                        && urb->actual_length) {
                dev_err(io->dev->bus->controller,
                        "dev %s ep%d%s scatterlist error %d/%d\n",
                        io->dev->devpath,
                        usb_endpoint_num(&urb->ep->desc),
                        usb_urb_dir_in(urb) ? "in" : "out",
                        status, io->status);
                /* BUG (); */
        }

        if (io->status == 0 && status && status != -ECONNRESET) {
                int i, found, retval;

                io->status = status;

                /* the previous urbs, and this one, completed already.
                 * unlink pending urbs so they won't rx/tx bad data.
                 * careful: unlink can sometimes be synchronous...
                 */
                spin_unlock(&io->lock);
                for (i = 0, found = 0; i < io->entries; i++) {
                        if (!io->urbs [i] || !io->urbs [i]->dev)
                                continue;
                        if (found) {
                                retval = usb_unlink_urb(io->urbs [i]);
                                if (retval != -EINPROGRESS &&
                                    retval != -ENODEV &&
                                    retval != -EBUSY)
                                        dev_err(&io->dev->dev,
                                                "%s, unlink --> %d\n",
                                                __func__, retval);
                        } else if (urb == io->urbs [i])
                                found = 1;
                }
                spin_lock(&io->lock);
        }
        urb->dev = NULL;

        /* on the last completion, signal usb_sg_wait() */
        io->bytes += urb->actual_length;
        io->count--;
        if (!io->count)
                complete(&io->complete);

        spin_unlock(&io->lock);
}


/**
 * usb_sg_init - initializes scatterlist-based bulk/interrupt I/O request
 * @io: request block being initialized.  until usb_sg_wait() returns,
 *      treat this as a pointer to an opaque block of memory,
 * @dev: the usb device that will send or receive the data
 * @pipe: endpoint "pipe" used to transfer the data
 * @period: polling rate for interrupt endpoints, in frames or
 *      (for high speed endpoints) microframes; ignored for bulk
 * @sg: scatterlist entries
 * @nents: how many entries in the scatterlist
 * @length: how many bytes to send from the scatterlist, or zero to
 *      send every byte identified in the list.
 * @mem_flags: SLAB_* flags affecting memory allocations in this call
 *
 * Returns zero for success, else a negative errno value.  This initializes a
 * scatter/gather request, allocating resources such as I/O mappings and urb
 * memory (except maybe memory used by USB controller drivers).
 *
 * The request must be issued using usb_sg_wait(), which waits for the I/O to
 * complete (or to be canceled) and then cleans up all resources allocated by
 * usb_sg_init().
 *
 * The request may be canceled with usb_sg_cancel(), either before or after
 * usb_sg_wait() is called.
 */
int usb_sg_init(struct usb_sg_request *io, struct usb_device *dev,
                unsigned pipe, unsigned period, struct scatterlist *sg,
                int nents, size_t length, gfp_t mem_flags)
{
        int i;
        int urb_flags;
        int use_sg;

        if (!io || !dev || !sg
                        || usb_pipecontrol(pipe)
                        || usb_pipeisoc(pipe)
                        || nents <= 0)
                return -EINVAL;

        spin_lock_init(&io->lock);
        io->dev = dev;
        io->pipe = pipe;

        if (dev->bus->sg_tablesize > 0) {
                use_sg = true;
                io->entries = 1;
        } else {
                use_sg = false;
                io->entries = nents;
        }

        /* initialize all the urbs we'll use */
        io->urbs = kmalloc(io->entries * sizeof *io->urbs, mem_flags);
        if (!io->urbs)
                goto nomem;

        urb_flags = URB_NO_INTERRUPT;
        if (usb_pipein(pipe))
                urb_flags |= URB_SHORT_NOT_OK;

        for_each_sg(sg, sg, io->entries, i) {
                struct urb *urb;
                unsigned len;

                urb = usb_alloc_urb(0, mem_flags);
                if (!urb) {
                        io->entries = i;
                        goto nomem;
                }
                io->urbs[i] = urb;

                urb->dev = NULL;
                urb->pipe = pipe;
                urb->interval = period;
                urb->transfer_flags = urb_flags;
                urb->complete = sg_complete;
                urb->context = io;
                urb->sg = sg;

                if (use_sg) {
                        /* There is no single transfer buffer */
                        urb->transfer_buffer = NULL;
                        urb->num_sgs = nents;

                        /* A length of zero means transfer the whole sg list */
                        len = length;
                        if (len == 0) {
                                struct scatterlist      *sg2;
                                int                     j;

                                for_each_sg(sg, sg2, nents, j)
                                        len += sg2->length;
                        }
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Some systems can't use DMA; they use PIO instead.
                         * For their sakes, transfer_buffer is set whenever
                         * possible.
                         */
                        if (!PageHighMem(sg_page(sg)))
                                urb->transfer_buffer = sg_virt(sg);
                        else
                                urb->transfer_buffer = NULL;

                        len = sg->length;
                        if (length) {
                                len = min_t(unsigned, len, length);
                                length -= len;
                                if (length == 0)
                                        io->entries = i + 1;
                        }
                }
                urb->transfer_buffer_length = len;
        }
        io->urbs[--i]->transfer_flags &= ~URB_NO_INTERRUPT;

        /* transaction state */
        io->count = io->entries;
        io->status = 0;
        io->bytes = 0;
        init_completion(&io->complete);
        return 0;

nomem:
        sg_clean(io);
        return -ENOMEM;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_sg_init);

/**
 * usb_sg_wait - synchronously execute scatter/gather request
 * @io: request block handle, as initialized with usb_sg_init().
 *      some fields become accessible when this call returns.
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * This function blocks until the specified I/O operation completes.  It
 * leverages the grouping of the related I/O requests to get good transfer
 * rates, by queueing the requests.  At higher speeds, such queuing can
 * significantly improve USB throughput.
 *
 * There are three kinds of completion for this function.
 * (1) success, where io->status is zero.  The number of io->bytes
 *     transferred is as requested.
 * (2) error, where io->status is a negative errno value.  The number
 *     of io->bytes transferred before the error is usually less
 *     than requested, and can be nonzero.
 * (3) cancellation, a type of error with status -ECONNRESET that
 *     is initiated by usb_sg_cancel().
 *
 * When this function returns, all memory allocated through usb_sg_init() or
 * this call will have been freed.  The request block parameter may still be
 * passed to usb_sg_cancel(), or it may be freed.  It could also be
 * reinitialized and then reused.
 *
 * Data Transfer Rates:
 *
 * Bulk transfers are valid for full or high speed endpoints.
 * The best full speed data rate is 19 packets of 64 bytes each
 * per frame, or 1216 bytes per millisecond.
 * The best high speed data rate is 13 packets of 512 bytes each
 * per microframe, or 52 KBytes per millisecond.
 *
 * The reason to use interrupt transfers through this API would most likely
 * be to reserve high speed bandwidth, where up to 24 KBytes per millisecond
 * could be transferred.  That capability is less useful for low or full
 * speed interrupt endpoints, which allow at most one packet per millisecond,
 * of at most 8 or 64 bytes (respectively).
 *
 * It is not necessary to call this function to reserve bandwidth for devices
 * under an xHCI host controller, as the bandwidth is reserved when the
 * configuration or interface alt setting is selected.
 */
void usb_sg_wait(struct usb_sg_request *io)
{
        int i;
        int entries = io->entries;

        /* queue the urbs.  */
        spin_lock_irq(&io->lock);
        i = 0;
        while (i < entries && !io->status) {
                int retval;

                io->urbs[i]->dev = io->dev;
                retval = usb_submit_urb(io->urbs [i], GFP_ATOMIC);

                /* after we submit, let completions or cancelations fire;
                 * we handshake using io->status.
                 */
                spin_unlock_irq(&io->lock);
                switch (retval) {
                        /* maybe we retrying will recover */
                case -ENXIO:    /* hc didn't queue this one */
                case -EAGAIN:
                case -ENOMEM:
                        io->urbs[i]->dev = NULL;
                        retval = 0;
                        yield();
                        break;

                        /* no error? continue immediately.
                         *
                         * NOTE: to work better with UHCI (4K I/O buffer may
                         * need 3K of TDs) it may be good to limit how many
                         * URBs are queued at once; N milliseconds?
                         */
                case 0:
                        ++i;
                        cpu_relax();
                        break;

                        /* fail any uncompleted urbs */
                default:
                        io->urbs[i]->dev = NULL;
                        io->urbs[i]->status = retval;
                        dev_dbg(&io->dev->dev, "%s, submit --> %d\n",
                                __func__, retval);
                        usb_sg_cancel(io);
                }
                spin_lock_irq(&io->lock);
                if (retval && (io->status == 0 || io->status == -ECONNRESET))
                        io->status = retval;
        }
        io->count -= entries - i;
        if (io->count == 0)
                complete(&io->complete);
        spin_unlock_irq(&io->lock);

        /* OK, yes, this could be packaged as non-blocking.
         * So could the submit loop above ... but it's easier to
         * solve neither problem than to solve both!
         */
        wait_for_completion(&io->complete);

        sg_clean(io);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_sg_wait);

/**
 * usb_sg_cancel - stop scatter/gather i/o issued by usb_sg_wait()
 * @io: request block, initialized with usb_sg_init()
 *
 * This stops a request after it has been started by usb_sg_wait().
 * It can also prevents one initialized by usb_sg_init() from starting,
 * so that call just frees resources allocated to the request.
 */
void usb_sg_cancel(struct usb_sg_request *io)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&io->lock, flags);

        /* shut everything down, if it didn't already */
        if (!io->status) {
                int i;

                io->status = -ECONNRESET;
                spin_unlock(&io->lock);
                for (i = 0; i < io->entries; i++) {
                        int retval;

                        if (!io->urbs [i]->dev)
                                continue;
                        retval = usb_unlink_urb(io->urbs [i]);
                        if (retval != -EINPROGRESS && retval != -EBUSY)
                                dev_warn(&io->dev->dev, "%s, unlink --> %d\n",
                                        __func__, retval);
                }
                spin_lock(&io->lock);
        }
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&io->lock, flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_sg_cancel);

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------*/

/**
 * usb_get_descriptor - issues a generic GET_DESCRIPTOR request
 * @dev: the device whose descriptor is being retrieved
 * @type: the descriptor type (USB_DT_*)
 * @index: the number of the descriptor
 * @buf: where to put the descriptor
 * @size: how big is "buf"?
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * Gets a USB descriptor.  Convenience functions exist to simplify
 * getting some types of descriptors.  Use
 * usb_get_string() or usb_string() for USB_DT_STRING.
 * Device (USB_DT_DEVICE) and configuration descriptors (USB_DT_CONFIG)
 * are part of the device structure.
 * In addition to a number of USB-standard descriptors, some
 * devices also use class-specific or vendor-specific descriptors.
 *
 * This call is synchronous, and may not be used in an interrupt context.
 *
 * Returns the number of bytes received on success, or else the status code
 * returned by the underlying usb_control_msg() call.
 */
int usb_get_descriptor(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned char type,
                       unsigned char index, void *buf, int size)
{
        int i;
        int result;

        memset(buf, 0, size);   /* Make sure we parse really received data */

        for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
                /* retry on length 0 or error; some devices are flakey */
                result = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_rcvctrlpipe(dev, 0),
                                USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR, USB_DIR_IN,
                                (type << 8) + index, 0, buf, size,
                                USB_CTRL_GET_TIMEOUT);
                if (result <= 0 && result != -ETIMEDOUT)
                        continue;
                if (result > 1 && ((u8 *)buf)[1] != type) {
                        result = -ENODATA;
                        continue;
                }
                break;
        }
        return result;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_get_descriptor);

/**
 * usb_get_string - gets a string descriptor
 * @dev: the device whose string descriptor is being retrieved
 * @langid: code for language chosen (from string descriptor zero)
 * @index: the number of the descriptor
 * @buf: where to put the string
 * @size: how big is "buf"?
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * Retrieves a string, encoded using UTF-16LE (Unicode, 16 bits per character,
 * in little-endian byte order).
 * The usb_string() function will often be a convenient way to turn
 * these strings into kernel-printable form.
 *
 * Strings may be referenced in device, configuration, interface, or other
 * descriptors, and could also be used in vendor-specific ways.
 *
 * This call is synchronous, and may not be used in an interrupt context.
 *
 * Returns the number of bytes received on success, or else the status code
 * returned by the underlying usb_control_msg() call.
 */
static int usb_get_string(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned short langid,
                          unsigned char index, void *buf, int size)
{
        int i;
        int result;

        for (i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
                /* retry on length 0 or stall; some devices are flakey */
                result = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_rcvctrlpipe(dev, 0),
                        USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR, USB_DIR_IN,
                        (USB_DT_STRING << 8) + index, langid, buf, size,
                        USB_CTRL_GET_TIMEOUT);
                if (result == 0 || result == -EPIPE)
                        continue;
                if (result > 1 && ((u8 *) buf)[1] != USB_DT_STRING) {
                        result = -ENODATA;
                        continue;
                }
                break;
        }
        return result;
}

static void usb_try_string_workarounds(unsigned char *buf, int *length)
{
        int newlength, oldlength = *length;

        for (newlength = 2; newlength + 1 < oldlength; newlength += 2)
                if (!isprint(buf[newlength]) || buf[newlength + 1])
                        break;

        if (newlength > 2) {
                buf[0] = newlength;
                *length = newlength;
        }
}

static int usb_string_sub(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int langid,
                          unsigned int index, unsigned char *buf)
{
        int rc;

        /* Try to read the string descriptor by asking for the maximum
         * possible number of bytes */
        if (dev->quirks & USB_QUIRK_STRING_FETCH_255)
                rc = -EIO;
        else
                rc = usb_get_string(dev, langid, index, buf, 255);

        /* If that failed try to read the descriptor length, then
         * ask for just that many bytes */
        if (rc < 2) {
                rc = usb_get_string(dev, langid, index, buf, 2);
                if (rc == 2)
                        rc = usb_get_string(dev, langid, index, buf, buf[0]);
        }

        if (rc >= 2) {
                if (!buf[0] && !buf[1])
                        usb_try_string_workarounds(buf, &rc);

                /* There might be extra junk at the end of the descriptor */
                if (buf[0] < rc)
                        rc = buf[0];

                rc = rc - (rc & 1); /* force a multiple of two */
        }

        if (rc < 2)
                rc = (rc < 0 ? rc : -EINVAL);

        return rc;
}

static int usb_get_langid(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned char *tbuf)
{
        int err;

        if (dev->have_langid)
                return 0;

        if (dev->string_langid < 0)
                return -EPIPE;

        err = usb_string_sub(dev, 0, 0, tbuf);

        /* If the string was reported but is malformed, default to english
         * (0x0409) */
        if (err == -ENODATA || (err > 0 && err < 4)) {
                dev->string_langid = 0x0409;
                dev->have_langid = 1;
                dev_err(&dev->dev,
                        "string descriptor 0 malformed (err = %d), "
                        "defaulting to 0x%04x\n",
                                err, dev->string_langid);
                return 0;
        }

        /* In case of all other errors, we assume the device is not able to
         * deal with strings at all. Set string_langid to -1 in order to
         * prevent any string to be retrieved from the device */
        if (err < 0) {
                dev_err(&dev->dev, "string descriptor 0 read error: %d\n",
                                        err);
                dev->string_langid = -1;
                return -EPIPE;
        }

        /* always use the first langid listed */
        dev->string_langid = tbuf[2] | (tbuf[3] << 8);
        dev->have_langid = 1;
        dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "default language 0x%04x\n",
                                dev->string_langid);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * usb_string - returns UTF-8 version of a string descriptor
 * @dev: the device whose string descriptor is being retrieved
 * @index: the number of the descriptor
 * @buf: where to put the string
 * @size: how big is "buf"?
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * This converts the UTF-16LE encoded strings returned by devices, from
 * usb_get_string_descriptor(), to null-terminated UTF-8 encoded ones
 * that are more usable in most kernel contexts.  Note that this function
 * chooses strings in the first language supported by the device.
 *
 * This call is synchronous, and may not be used in an interrupt context.
 *
 * Returns length of the string (>= 0) or usb_control_msg status (< 0).
 */
int usb_string(struct usb_device *dev, int index, char *buf, size_t size)
{
        unsigned char *tbuf;
        int err;

        if (dev->state == USB_STATE_SUSPENDED)
                return -EHOSTUNREACH;
        if (size <= 0 || !buf || !index)
                return -EINVAL;
        buf[0] = 0;
        tbuf = kmalloc(256, GFP_NOIO);
        if (!tbuf)
                return -ENOMEM;

        err = usb_get_langid(dev, tbuf);
        if (err < 0)
                goto errout;

        err = usb_string_sub(dev, dev->string_langid, index, tbuf);
        if (err < 0)
                goto errout;

        size--;         /* leave room for trailing NULL char in output buffer */
        err = utf16s_to_utf8s((wchar_t *) &tbuf[2], (err - 2) / 2,
                        UTF16_LITTLE_ENDIAN, buf, size);
        buf[err] = 0;

        if (tbuf[1] != USB_DT_STRING)
                dev_dbg(&dev->dev,
                        "wrong descriptor type %02x for string %d (\"%s\")\n",
                        tbuf[1], index, buf);

 errout:
        kfree(tbuf);
        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_string);

/* one UTF-8-encoded 16-bit character has at most three bytes */
#define MAX_USB_STRING_SIZE (127 * 3 + 1)

/**
 * usb_cache_string - read a string descriptor and cache it for later use
 * @udev: the device whose string descriptor is being read
 * @index: the descriptor index
 *
 * Returns a pointer to a kmalloc'ed buffer containing the descriptor string,
 * or NULL if the index is 0 or the string could not be read.
 */
char *usb_cache_string(struct usb_device *udev, int index)
{
        char *buf;
        char *smallbuf = NULL;
        int len;

        if (index <= 0)
                return NULL;

        buf = kmalloc(MAX_USB_STRING_SIZE, GFP_NOIO);
        if (buf) {
                len = usb_string(udev, index, buf, MAX_USB_STRING_SIZE);
                if (len > 0) {
                        smallbuf = kmalloc(++len, GFP_NOIO);
                        if (!smallbuf)
                                return buf;
                        memcpy(smallbuf, buf, len);
                }
                kfree(buf);
        }
        return smallbuf;
}

/*
 * usb_get_device_descriptor - (re)reads the device descriptor (usbcore)
 * @dev: the device whose device descriptor is being updated
 * @size: how much of the descriptor to read
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * Updates the copy of the device descriptor stored in the device structure,
 * which dedicates space for this purpose.
 *
 * Not exported, only for use by the core.  If drivers really want to read
 * the device descriptor directly, they can call usb_get_descriptor() with
 * type = USB_DT_DEVICE and index = 0.
 *
 * This call is synchronous, and may not be used in an interrupt context.
 *
 * Returns the number of bytes received on success, or else the status code
 * returned by the underlying usb_control_msg() call.
 */
int usb_get_device_descriptor(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int size)
{
        struct usb_device_descriptor *desc;
        int ret;

        if (size > sizeof(*desc))
                return -EINVAL;
        desc = kmalloc(sizeof(*desc), GFP_NOIO);
        if (!desc)
                return -ENOMEM;

        ret = usb_get_descriptor(dev, USB_DT_DEVICE, 0, desc, size);
        if (ret >= 0)
                memcpy(&dev->descriptor, desc, size);
        kfree(desc);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * usb_get_status - issues a GET_STATUS call
 * @dev: the device whose status is being checked
 * @type: USB_RECIP_*; for device, interface, or endpoint
 * @target: zero (for device), else interface or endpoint number
 * @data: pointer to two bytes of bitmap data
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * Returns device, interface, or endpoint status.  Normally only of
 * interest to see if the device is self powered, or has enabled the
 * remote wakeup facility; or whether a bulk or interrupt endpoint
 * is halted ("stalled").
 *
 * Bits in these status bitmaps are set using the SET_FEATURE request,
 * and cleared using the CLEAR_FEATURE request.  The usb_clear_halt()
 * function should be used to clear halt ("stall") status.
 *
 * This call is synchronous, and may not be used in an interrupt context.
 *
 * Returns the number of bytes received on success, or else the status code
 * returned by the underlying usb_control_msg() call.
 */
int usb_get_status(struct usb_device *dev, int type, int target, void *data)
{
        int ret;
        u16 *status = kmalloc(sizeof(*status), GFP_KERNEL);

        if (!status)
                return -ENOMEM;

        ret = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_rcvctrlpipe(dev, 0),
                USB_REQ_GET_STATUS, USB_DIR_IN | type, 0, target, status,
                sizeof(*status), USB_CTRL_GET_TIMEOUT);

        *(u16 *)data = *status;
        kfree(status);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_get_status);

/**
 * usb_clear_halt - tells device to clear endpoint halt/stall condition
 * @dev: device whose endpoint is halted
 * @pipe: endpoint "pipe" being cleared
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * This is used to clear halt conditions for bulk and interrupt endpoints,
 * as reported by URB completion status.  Endpoints that are halted are
 * sometimes referred to as being "stalled".  Such endpoints are unable
 * to transmit or receive data until the halt status is cleared.  Any URBs
 * queued for such an endpoint should normally be unlinked by the driver
 * before clearing the halt condition, as described in sections 5.7.5
 * and 5.8.5 of the USB 2.0 spec.
 *
 * Note that control and isochronous endpoints don't halt, although control
 * endpoints report "protocol stall" (for unsupported requests) using the
 * same status code used to report a true stall.
 *
 * This call is synchronous, and may not be used in an interrupt context.
 *
 * Returns zero on success, or else the status code returned by the
 * underlying usb_control_msg() call.
 */
int usb_clear_halt(struct usb_device *dev, int pipe)
{
        int result;
        int endp = usb_pipeendpoint(pipe);

        if (usb_pipein(pipe))
                endp |= USB_DIR_IN;

        /* we don't care if it wasn't halted first. in fact some devices
         * (like some ibmcam model 1 units) seem to expect hosts to make
         * this request for iso endpoints, which can't halt!
         */
        result = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
                USB_REQ_CLEAR_FEATURE, USB_RECIP_ENDPOINT,
                USB_ENDPOINT_HALT, endp, NULL, 0,
                USB_CTRL_SET_TIMEOUT);

        /* don't un-halt or force to DATA0 except on success */
        if (result < 0)

                return result;

        /* NOTE:  seems like Microsoft and Apple don't bother verifying
         * the clear "took", so some devices could lock up if you check...
         * such as the Hagiwara FlashGate DUAL.  So we won't bother.
         *
         * NOTE:  make sure the logic here doesn't diverge much from
         * the copy in usb-storage, for as long as we need two copies.
         */

        usb_reset_endpoint(dev, endp);

        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_clear_halt);

static int create_intf_ep_devs(struct usb_interface *intf)
{
        struct usb_device *udev = interface_to_usbdev(intf);
        struct usb_host_interface *alt = intf->cur_altsetting;
        int i;

        if (intf->ep_devs_created || intf->unregistering)
                return 0;

        for (i = 0; i < alt->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i)
                (void) usb_create_ep_devs(&intf->dev, &alt->endpoint[i], udev);
        intf->ep_devs_created = 1;
        return 0;
}

static void remove_intf_ep_devs(struct usb_interface *intf)
{
        struct usb_host_interface *alt = intf->cur_altsetting;
        int i;

        if (!intf->ep_devs_created)
                return;

        for (i = 0; i < alt->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i)
                usb_remove_ep_devs(&alt->endpoint[i]);
        intf->ep_devs_created = 0;
}

/**
 * usb_disable_endpoint -- Disable an endpoint by address
 * @dev: the device whose endpoint is being disabled
 * @epaddr: the endpoint's address.  Endpoint number for output,
 *      endpoint number + USB_DIR_IN for input
 * @reset_hardware: flag to erase any endpoint state stored in the
 *      controller hardware
 *
 * Disables the endpoint for URB submission and nukes all pending URBs.
 * If @reset_hardware is set then also deallocates hcd/hardware state
 * for the endpoint.
 */
void usb_disable_endpoint(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int epaddr,
                bool reset_hardware)
{
        unsigned int epnum = epaddr & USB_ENDPOINT_NUMBER_MASK;
        struct usb_host_endpoint *ep;

        if (!dev)
                return;

        if (usb_endpoint_out(epaddr)) {
                ep = dev->ep_out[epnum];
                if (reset_hardware)
                        dev->ep_out[epnum] = NULL;
        } else {
                ep = dev->ep_in[epnum];
                if (reset_hardware)
                        dev->ep_in[epnum] = NULL;
        }
        if (ep) {
                ep->enabled = 0;
                usb_hcd_flush_endpoint(dev, ep);
                if (reset_hardware)
                        usb_hcd_disable_endpoint(dev, ep);
        }
}

/**
 * usb_reset_endpoint - Reset an endpoint's state.
 * @dev: the device whose endpoint is to be reset
 * @epaddr: the endpoint's address.  Endpoint number for output,
 *      endpoint number + USB_DIR_IN for input
 *
 * Resets any host-side endpoint state such as the toggle bit,
 * sequence number or current window.
 */
void usb_reset_endpoint(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int epaddr)
{
        unsigned int epnum = epaddr & USB_ENDPOINT_NUMBER_MASK;
        struct usb_host_endpoint *ep;

        if (usb_endpoint_out(epaddr))
                ep = dev->ep_out[epnum];
        else
                ep = dev->ep_in[epnum];
        if (ep)
                usb_hcd_reset_endpoint(dev, ep);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_reset_endpoint);


/**
 * usb_disable_interface -- Disable all endpoints for an interface
 * @dev: the device whose interface is being disabled
 * @intf: pointer to the interface descriptor
 * @reset_hardware: flag to erase any endpoint state stored in the
 *      controller hardware
 *
 * Disables all the endpoints for the interface's current altsetting.
 */
void usb_disable_interface(struct usb_device *dev, struct usb_interface *intf,
                bool reset_hardware)
{
        struct usb_host_interface *alt = intf->cur_altsetting;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < alt->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i) {
                usb_disable_endpoint(dev,
                                alt->endpoint[i].desc.bEndpointAddress,
                                reset_hardware);
        }
}

/**
 * usb_disable_device - Disable all the endpoints for a USB device
 * @dev: the device whose endpoints are being disabled
 * @skip_ep0: 0 to disable endpoint 0, 1 to skip it.
 *
 * Disables all the device's endpoints, potentially including endpoint 0.
 * Deallocates hcd/hardware state for the endpoints (nuking all or most
 * pending urbs) and usbcore state for the interfaces, so that usbcore
 * must usb_set_configuration() before any interfaces could be used.
 *
 * Must be called with hcd->bandwidth_mutex held.
 */
void usb_disable_device(struct usb_device *dev, int skip_ep0)
{
        int i;
        struct usb_hcd *hcd = bus_to_hcd(dev->bus);

        /* getting rid of interfaces will disconnect
         * any drivers bound to them (a key side effect)
         */
        if (dev->actconfig) {
                /*
                 * FIXME: In order to avoid self-deadlock involving the
                 * bandwidth_mutex, we have to mark all the interfaces
                 * before unregistering any of them.
                 */
                for (i = 0; i < dev->actconfig->desc.bNumInterfaces; i++)
                        dev->actconfig->interface[i]->unregistering = 1;

                for (i = 0; i < dev->actconfig->desc.bNumInterfaces; i++) {
                        struct usb_interface    *interface;

                        /* remove this interface if it has been registered */
                        interface = dev->actconfig->interface[i];
                        if (!device_is_registered(&interface->dev))
                                continue;
                        dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "unregistering interface %s\n",
                                dev_name(&interface->dev));
                        remove_intf_ep_devs(interface);
                        device_del(&interface->dev);
                }

                /* Now that the interfaces are unbound, nobody should
                 * try to access them.
                 */
                for (i = 0; i < dev->actconfig->desc.bNumInterfaces; i++) {
                        put_device(&dev->actconfig->interface[i]->dev);
                        dev->actconfig->interface[i] = NULL;
                }
                dev->actconfig = NULL;
                if (dev->state == USB_STATE_CONFIGURED)
                        usb_set_device_state(dev, USB_STATE_ADDRESS);
        }

        dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "%s nuking %s URBs\n", __func__,
                skip_ep0 ? "non-ep0" : "all");
        if (hcd->driver->check_bandwidth) {
                /* First pass: Cancel URBs, leave endpoint pointers intact. */
                for (i = skip_ep0; i < 16; ++i) {
                        usb_disable_endpoint(dev, i, false);
                        usb_disable_endpoint(dev, i + USB_DIR_IN, false);
                }
                /* Remove endpoints from the host controller internal state */
                usb_hcd_alloc_bandwidth(dev, NULL, NULL, NULL);
                /* Second pass: remove endpoint pointers */
        }
        for (i = skip_ep0; i < 16; ++i) {
                usb_disable_endpoint(dev, i, true);
                usb_disable_endpoint(dev, i + USB_DIR_IN, true);
        }
}

/**
 * usb_enable_endpoint - Enable an endpoint for USB communications
 * @dev: the device whose interface is being enabled
 * @ep: the endpoint
 * @reset_ep: flag to reset the endpoint state
 *
 * Resets the endpoint state if asked, and sets dev->ep_{in,out} pointers.
 * For control endpoints, both the input and output sides are handled.
 */
void usb_enable_endpoint(struct usb_device *dev, struct usb_host_endpoint *ep,
                bool reset_ep)
{
        int epnum = usb_endpoint_num(&ep->desc);
        int is_out = usb_endpoint_dir_out(&ep->desc);
        int is_control = usb_endpoint_xfer_control(&ep->desc);

        if (reset_ep)
                usb_hcd_reset_endpoint(dev, ep);
        if (is_out || is_control)
                dev->ep_out[epnum] = ep;
        if (!is_out || is_control)
                dev->ep_in[epnum] = ep;
        ep->enabled = 1;
}

/**
 * usb_enable_interface - Enable all the endpoints for an interface
 * @dev: the device whose interface is being enabled
 * @intf: pointer to the interface descriptor
 * @reset_eps: flag to reset the endpoints' state
 *
 * Enables all the endpoints for the interface's current altsetting.
 */
void usb_enable_interface(struct usb_device *dev,
                struct usb_interface *intf, bool reset_eps)
{
        struct usb_host_interface *alt = intf->cur_altsetting;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < alt->desc.bNumEndpoints; ++i)
                usb_enable_endpoint(dev, &alt->endpoint[i], reset_eps);
}

/**
 * usb_set_interface - Makes a particular alternate setting be current
 * @dev: the device whose interface is being updated
 * @interface: the interface being updated
 * @alternate: the setting being chosen.
 * Context: !in_interrupt ()
 *
 * This is used to enable data transfers on interfaces that may not
 * be enabled by default.  Not all devices support such configurability.
 * Only the driver bound to an interface may change its setting.
 *
 * Within any given configuration, each interface may have several
 * alternative settings.  These are often used to control levels of
 * bandwidth consumption.  For example, the default setting for a high
 * speed interrupt endpoint may not send more than 64 bytes per microframe,
 * while interrupt transfers of up to 3KBytes per microframe are legal.
 * Also, isochronous endpoints may never be part of an
 * interface's default setting.  To access such bandwidth, alternate
 * interface settings must be made current.
 *
 * Note that in the Linux USB subsystem, bandwidth associated with
 * an endpoint in a given alternate setting is not reserved until an URB
 * is submitted that needs that bandwidth.  Some other operating systems
 * allocate bandwidth early, when a configuration is chosen.
 *
 * This call is synchronous, and may not be used in an interrupt context.
 * Also, drivers must not change altsettings while urbs are scheduled for
 * endpoints in that interface; all such urbs must first be completed
 * (perhaps forced by unlinking).
 *
 * Returns zero on success, or else the status code returned by the
 * underlying usb_control_msg() call.
 */
int usb_set_interface(struct usb_device *dev, int interface, int alternate)
{
        struct usb_interface *iface;
        struct usb_host_interface *alt;
        struct usb_hcd *hcd = bus_to_hcd(dev->bus);
        int ret;
        int manual = 0;
        unsigned int epaddr;
        unsigned int pipe;

        if (dev->state == USB_STATE_SUSPENDED)
                return -EHOSTUNREACH;

        iface = usb_ifnum_to_if(dev, interface);
        if (!iface) {
                dev_dbg(&dev->dev, "selecting invalid interface %d\n",
                        interface);
                return -EINVAL;
        }
        if (iface->unregistering)
                return -ENODEV;

        alt = usb_altnum_to_altsetting(iface, alternate);
        if (!alt) {
                dev_warn(&dev->dev, "selecting invalid altsetting %d\n",
                         alternate);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        /* Make sure we have enough bandwidth for this alternate interface.
         * Remove the current alt setting and add the new alt setting.
         */
        mutex_lock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
        ret = usb_hcd_alloc_bandwidth(dev, NULL, iface->cur_altsetting, alt);
        if (ret < 0) {
                dev_info(&dev->dev, "Not enough bandwidth for altsetting %d\n",
                                alternate);
                mutex_unlock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
                return ret;
        }

        if (dev->quirks & USB_QUIRK_NO_SET_INTF)
                ret = -EPIPE;
        else
                ret = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
                                   USB_REQ_SET_INTERFACE, USB_RECIP_INTERFACE,
                                   alternate, interface, NULL, 0, 5000);

        /* 9.4.10 says devices don't need this and are free to STALL the
         * request if the interface only has one alternate setting.
         */
        if (ret == -EPIPE && iface->num_altsetting == 1) {
                dev_dbg(&dev->dev,
                        "manual set_interface for iface %d, alt %d\n",
                        interface, alternate);
                manual = 1;
        } else if (ret < 0) {
                /* Re-instate the old alt setting */
                usb_hcd_alloc_bandwidth(dev, NULL, alt, iface->cur_altsetting);
                mutex_unlock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
                return ret;
        }
        mutex_unlock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);

        /* FIXME drivers shouldn't need to replicate/bugfix the logic here
         * when they implement async or easily-killable versions of this or
         * other "should-be-internal" functions (like clear_halt).
         * should hcd+usbcore postprocess control requests?
         */

        /* prevent submissions using previous endpoint settings */
        if (iface->cur_altsetting != alt) {
                remove_intf_ep_devs(iface);
                usb_remove_sysfs_intf_files(iface);
        }
        usb_disable_interface(dev, iface, true);

        iface->cur_altsetting = alt;

        /* If the interface only has one altsetting and the device didn't
         * accept the request, we attempt to carry out the equivalent action
         * by manually clearing the HALT feature for each endpoint in the
         * new altsetting.
         */
        if (manual) {
                int i;

                for (i = 0; i < alt->desc.bNumEndpoints; i++) {
                        epaddr = alt->endpoint[i].desc.bEndpointAddress;
                        pipe = __create_pipe(dev,
                                        USB_ENDPOINT_NUMBER_MASK & epaddr) |
                                        (usb_endpoint_out(epaddr) ?
                                        USB_DIR_OUT : USB_DIR_IN);

                        usb_clear_halt(dev, pipe);
                }
        }

        /* 9.1.1.5: reset toggles for all endpoints in the new altsetting
         *
         * Note:
         * Despite EP0 is always present in all interfaces/AS, the list of
         * endpoints from the descriptor does not contain EP0. Due to its
         * omnipresence one might expect EP0 being considered "affected" by
         * any SetInterface request and hence assume toggles need to be reset.
         * However, EP0 toggles are re-synced for every individual transfer
         * during the SETUP stage - hence EP0 toggles are "don't care" here.
         * (Likewise, EP0 never "halts" on well designed devices.)
         */
        usb_enable_interface(dev, iface, true);
        if (device_is_registered(&iface->dev)) {
                usb_create_sysfs_intf_files(iface);
                create_intf_ep_devs(iface);
        }
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_set_interface);

/**
 * usb_reset_configuration - lightweight device reset
 * @dev: the device whose configuration is being reset
 *
 * This issues a standard SET_CONFIGURATION request to the device using
 * the current configuration.  The effect is to reset most USB-related
 * state in the device, including interface altsettings (reset to zero),
 * endpoint halts (cleared), and endpoint state (only for bulk and interrupt
 * endpoints).  Other usbcore state is unchanged, including bindings of
 * usb device drivers to interfaces.
 *
 * Because this affects multiple interfaces, avoid using this with composite
 * (multi-interface) devices.  Instead, the driver for each interface may
 * use usb_set_interface() on the interfaces it claims.  Be careful though;
 * some devices don't support the SET_INTERFACE request, and others won't
 * reset all the interface state (notably endpoint state).  Resetting the whole
 * configuration would affect other drivers' interfaces.
 *
 * The caller must own the device lock.
 *
 * Returns zero on success, else a negative error code.
 */
int usb_reset_configuration(struct usb_device *dev)
{
        int                     i, retval;
        struct usb_host_config  *config;
        struct usb_hcd *hcd = bus_to_hcd(dev->bus);

        if (dev->state == USB_STATE_SUSPENDED)
                return -EHOSTUNREACH;

        /* caller must have locked the device and must own
         * the usb bus readlock (so driver bindings are stable);
         * calls during probe() are fine
         */

        for (i = 1; i < 16; ++i) {
                usb_disable_endpoint(dev, i, true);
                usb_disable_endpoint(dev, i + USB_DIR_IN, true);
        }

        config = dev->actconfig;
        retval = 0;
        mutex_lock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
        /* Make sure we have enough bandwidth for each alternate setting 0 */
        for (i = 0; i < config->desc.bNumInterfaces; i++) {
                struct usb_interface *intf = config->interface[i];
                struct usb_host_interface *alt;

                alt = usb_altnum_to_altsetting(intf, 0);
                if (!alt)
                        alt = &intf->altsetting[0];
                if (alt != intf->cur_altsetting)
                        retval = usb_hcd_alloc_bandwidth(dev, NULL,
                                        intf->cur_altsetting, alt);
                if (retval < 0)
                        break;
        }
        /* If not, reinstate the old alternate settings */
        if (retval < 0) {
reset_old_alts:
                for (i--; i >= 0; i--) {
                        struct usb_interface *intf = config->interface[i];
                        struct usb_host_interface *alt;

                        alt = usb_altnum_to_altsetting(intf, 0);
                        if (!alt)
                                alt = &intf->altsetting[0];
                        if (alt != intf->cur_altsetting)
                                usb_hcd_alloc_bandwidth(dev, NULL,
                                                alt, intf->cur_altsetting);
                }
                mutex_unlock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
                return retval;
        }
        retval = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
                        USB_REQ_SET_CONFIGURATION, 0,
                        config->desc.bConfigurationValue, 0,
                        NULL, 0, USB_CTRL_SET_TIMEOUT);
        if (retval < 0)
                goto reset_old_alts;
        mutex_unlock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);

        /* re-init hc/hcd interface/endpoint state */
        for (i = 0; i < config->desc.bNumInterfaces; i++) {
                struct usb_interface *intf = config->interface[i];
                struct usb_host_interface *alt;

                alt = usb_altnum_to_altsetting(intf, 0);

                /* No altsetting 0?  We'll assume the first altsetting.
                 * We could use a GetInterface call, but if a device is
                 * so non-compliant that it doesn't have altsetting 0
                 * then I wouldn't trust its reply anyway.
                 */
                if (!alt)
                        alt = &intf->altsetting[0];

                if (alt != intf->cur_altsetting) {
                        remove_intf_ep_devs(intf);
                        usb_remove_sysfs_intf_files(intf);
                }
                intf->cur_altsetting = alt;
                usb_enable_interface(dev, intf, true);
                if (device_is_registered(&intf->dev)) {
                        usb_create_sysfs_intf_files(intf);
                        create_intf_ep_devs(intf);
                }
        }
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_reset_configuration);

static void usb_release_interface(struct device *dev)
{
        struct usb_interface *intf = to_usb_interface(dev);
        struct usb_interface_cache *intfc =
                        altsetting_to_usb_interface_cache(intf->altsetting);

        kref_put(&intfc->ref, usb_release_interface_cache);
        kfree(intf);
}

#ifdef  CONFIG_HOTPLUG
static int usb_if_uevent(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env)
{
        struct usb_device *usb_dev;
        struct usb_interface *intf;
        struct usb_host_interface *alt;

        intf = to_usb_interface(dev);
        usb_dev = interface_to_usbdev(intf);
        alt = intf->cur_altsetting;

        if (add_uevent_var(env, "INTERFACE=%d/%d/%d",
                   alt->desc.bInterfaceClass,
                   alt->desc.bInterfaceSubClass,
                   alt->desc.bInterfaceProtocol))
                return -ENOMEM;

        if (add_uevent_var(env,
                   "MODALIAS=usb:"
                   "v%04Xp%04Xd%04Xdc%02Xdsc%02Xdp%02Xic%02Xisc%02Xip%02X",
                   le16_to_cpu(usb_dev->descriptor.idVendor),
                   le16_to_cpu(usb_dev->descriptor.idProduct),
                   le16_to_cpu(usb_dev->descriptor.bcdDevice),
                   usb_dev->descriptor.bDeviceClass,
                   usb_dev->descriptor.bDeviceSubClass,
                   usb_dev->descriptor.bDeviceProtocol,
                   alt->desc.bInterfaceClass,
                   alt->desc.bInterfaceSubClass,
                   alt->desc.bInterfaceProtocol))
                return -ENOMEM;

        return 0;
}

#else

static int usb_if_uevent(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env)
{
        return -ENODEV;
}
#endif  /* CONFIG_HOTPLUG */

struct device_type usb_if_device_type = {
        .name =         "usb_interface",
        .release =      usb_release_interface,
        .uevent =       usb_if_uevent,
};

static struct usb_interface_assoc_descriptor *find_iad(struct usb_device *dev,
                                                struct usb_host_config *config,
                                                u8 inum)
{
        struct usb_interface_assoc_descriptor *retval = NULL;
        struct usb_interface_assoc_descriptor *intf_assoc;
        int first_intf;
        int last_intf;
        int i;

        for (i = 0; (i < USB_MAXIADS && config->intf_assoc[i]); i++) {
                intf_assoc = config->intf_assoc[i];
                if (intf_assoc->bInterfaceCount == 0)
                        continue;

                first_intf = intf_assoc->bFirstInterface;
                last_intf = first_intf + (intf_assoc->bInterfaceCount - 1);
                if (inum >= first_intf && inum <= last_intf) {
                        if (!retval)
                                retval = intf_assoc;
                        else
                                dev_err(&dev->dev, "Interface #%d referenced"
                                        " by multiple IADs\n", inum);
                }
        }

        return retval;
}


/*
 * Internal function to queue a device reset
 *
 * This is initialized into the workstruct in 'struct
 * usb_device->reset_ws' that is launched by
 * message.c:usb_set_configuration() when initializing each 'struct
 * usb_interface'.
 *
 * It is safe to get the USB device without reference counts because
 * the life cycle of @iface is bound to the life cycle of @udev. Then,
 * this function will be ran only if @iface is alive (and before
 * freeing it any scheduled instances of it will have been cancelled).
 *
 * We need to set a flag (usb_dev->reset_running) because when we call
 * the reset, the interfaces might be unbound. The current interface
 * cannot try to remove the queued work as it would cause a deadlock
 * (you cannot remove your work from within your executing
 * workqueue). This flag lets it know, so that
 * usb_cancel_queued_reset() doesn't try to do it.
 *
 * See usb_queue_reset_device() for more details
 */
static void __usb_queue_reset_device(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        int rc;
        struct usb_interface *iface =
                container_of(ws, struct usb_interface, reset_ws);
        struct usb_device *udev = interface_to_usbdev(iface);

        rc = usb_lock_device_for_reset(udev, iface);
        if (rc >= 0) {
                iface->reset_running = 1;
                usb_reset_device(udev);
                iface->reset_running = 0;
                usb_unlock_device(udev);
        }
}


/*
 * usb_set_configuration - Makes a particular device setting be current
 * @dev: the device whose configuration is being updated
 * @configuration: the configuration being chosen.
 * Context: !in_interrupt(), caller owns the device lock
 *
 * This is used to enable non-default device modes.  Not all devices
 * use this kind of configurability; many devices only have one
 * configuration.
 *
 * @configuration is the value of the configuration to be installed.
 * According to the USB spec (e.g. section 9.1.1.5), configuration values
 * must be non-zero; a value of zero indicates that the device in
 * unconfigured.  However some devices erroneously use 0 as one of their
 * configuration values.  To help manage such devices, this routine will
 * accept @configuration = -1 as indicating the device should be put in
 * an unconfigured state.
 *
 * USB device configurations may affect Linux interoperability,
 * power consumption and the functionality available.  For example,
 * the default configuration is limited to using 100mA of bus power,
 * so that when certain device functionality requires more power,
 * and the device is bus powered, that functionality should be in some
 * non-default device configuration.  Other device modes may also be
 * reflected as configuration options, such as whether two ISDN
 * channels are available independently; and choosing between open
 * standard device protocols (like CDC) or proprietary ones.
 *
 * Note that a non-authorized device (dev->authorized == 0) will only
 * be put in unconfigured mode.
 *
 * Note that USB has an additional level of device configurability,
 * associated with interfaces.  That configurability is accessed using
 * usb_set_interface().
 *
 * This call is synchronous. The calling context must be able to sleep,
 * must own the device lock, and must not hold the driver model's USB
 * bus mutex; usb interface driver probe() methods cannot use this routine.
 *
 * Returns zero on success, or else the status code returned by the
 * underlying call that failed.  On successful completion, each interface
 * in the original device configuration has been destroyed, and each one
 * in the new configuration has been probed by all relevant usb device
 * drivers currently known to the kernel.
 */
int usb_set_configuration(struct usb_device *dev, int configuration)
{
        int i, ret;
        struct usb_host_config *cp = NULL;
        struct usb_interface **new_interfaces = NULL;
        struct usb_hcd *hcd = bus_to_hcd(dev->bus);
        int n, nintf;

        if (dev->authorized == 0 || configuration == -1)
                configuration = 0;
        else {
                for (i = 0; i < dev->descriptor.bNumConfigurations; i++) {
                        if (dev->config[i].desc.bConfigurationValue ==
                                        configuration) {
                                cp = &dev->config[i];
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }
        if ((!cp && configuration != 0))
                return -EINVAL;

        /* The USB spec says configuration 0 means unconfigured.
         * But if a device includes a configuration numbered 0,
         * we will accept it as a correctly configured state.
         * Use -1 if you really want to unconfigure the device.
         */
        if (cp && configuration == 0)
                dev_warn(&dev->dev, "config 0 descriptor??\n");

        /* Allocate memory for new interfaces before doing anything else,
         * so that if we run out then nothing will have changed. */
        n = nintf = 0;
        if (cp) {
                nintf = cp->desc.bNumInterfaces;
                new_interfaces = kmalloc(nintf * sizeof(*new_interfaces),
                                GFP_NOIO);
                if (!new_interfaces) {
                        dev_err(&dev->dev, "Out of memory\n");
                        return -ENOMEM;
                }

                for (; n < nintf; ++n) {
                        new_interfaces[n] = kzalloc(
                                        sizeof(struct usb_interface),
                                        GFP_NOIO);
                        if (!new_interfaces[n]) {
                                dev_err(&dev->dev, "Out of memory\n");
                                ret = -ENOMEM;
free_interfaces:
                                while (--n >= 0)
                                        kfree(new_interfaces[n]);
                                kfree(new_interfaces);
                                return ret;
                        }
                }

                i = dev->bus_mA - cp->desc.bMaxPower * 2;
                if (i < 0)
                        dev_warn(&dev->dev, "new config #%d exceeds power "
                                        "limit by %dmA\n",
                                        configuration, -i);
        }

        /* Wake up the device so we can send it the Set-Config request */
        ret = usb_autoresume_device(dev);
        if (ret)
                goto free_interfaces;

        /* if it's already configured, clear out old state first.
         * getting rid of old interfaces means unbinding their drivers.
         */
        mutex_lock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
        if (dev->state != USB_STATE_ADDRESS)
                usb_disable_device(dev, 1);     /* Skip ep0 */

        /* Get rid of pending async Set-Config requests for this device */
        cancel_async_set_config(dev);

        /* Make sure we have bandwidth (and available HCD resources) for this
         * configuration.  Remove endpoints from the schedule if we're dropping
         * this configuration to set configuration 0.  After this point, the
         * host controller will not allow submissions to dropped endpoints.  If
         * this call fails, the device state is unchanged.
         */
        ret = usb_hcd_alloc_bandwidth(dev, cp, NULL, NULL);
        if (ret < 0) {
                mutex_unlock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
                usb_autosuspend_device(dev);
                goto free_interfaces;
        }

        ret = usb_control_msg(dev, usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
                              USB_REQ_SET_CONFIGURATION, 0, configuration, 0,
                              NULL, 0, USB_CTRL_SET_TIMEOUT);
        if (ret < 0) {
                /* All the old state is gone, so what else can we do?
                 * The device is probably useless now anyway.
                 */
                cp = NULL;
        }

        dev->actconfig = cp;
        if (!cp) {
                usb_set_device_state(dev, USB_STATE_ADDRESS);
                usb_hcd_alloc_bandwidth(dev, NULL, NULL, NULL);
                mutex_unlock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
                usb_autosuspend_device(dev);
                goto free_interfaces;
        }
        mutex_unlock(hcd->bandwidth_mutex);
        usb_set_device_state(dev, USB_STATE_CONFIGURED);

        /* Initialize the new interface structures and the
         * hc/hcd/usbcore interface/endpoint state.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < nintf; ++i) {
                struct usb_interface_cache *intfc;
                struct usb_interface *intf;
                struct usb_host_interface *alt;

                cp->interface[i] = intf = new_interfaces[i];
                intfc = cp->intf_cache[i];
                intf->altsetting = intfc->altsetting;
                intf->num_altsetting = intfc->num_altsetting;
                intf->intf_assoc = find_iad(dev, cp, i);
                kref_get(&intfc->ref);

                alt = usb_altnum_to_altsetting(intf, 0);

                /* No altsetting 0?  We'll assume the first altsetting.
                 * We could use a GetInterface call, but if a device is
                 * so non-compliant that it doesn't have altsetting 0
                 * then I wouldn't trust its reply anyway.
                 */
                if (!alt)
                        alt = &intf->altsetting[0];

                intf->cur_altsetting = alt;
                usb_enable_interface(dev, intf, true);
                intf->dev.parent = &dev->dev;
                intf->dev.driver = NULL;
                intf->dev.bus = &usb_bus_type;
                intf->dev.type = &usb_if_device_type;
                intf->dev.groups = usb_interface_groups;
                intf->dev.dma_mask = dev->dev.dma_mask;
                INIT_WORK(&intf->reset_ws, __usb_queue_reset_device);
                intf->minor = -1;
                device_initialize(&intf->dev);
                pm_runtime_no_callbacks(&intf->dev);
                dev_set_name(&intf->dev, "%d-%s:%d.%d",
                        dev->bus->busnum, dev->devpath,
                        configuration, alt->desc.bInterfaceNumber);
        }
        kfree(new_interfaces);

        if (cp->string == NULL &&
                        !(dev->quirks & USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS))
                cp->string = usb_cache_string(dev, cp->desc.iConfiguration);

        /* Now that all the interfaces are set up, register them
         * to trigger binding of drivers to interfaces.  probe()
         * routines may install different altsettings and may
         * claim() any interfaces not yet bound.  Many class drivers
         * need that: CDC, audio, video, etc.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < nintf; ++i) {
                struct usb_interface *intf = cp->interface[i];

                dev_dbg(&dev->dev,
                        "adding %s (config #%d, interface %d)\n",
                        dev_name(&intf->dev), configuration,
                        intf->cur_altsetting->desc.bInterfaceNumber);
                device_enable_async_suspend(&intf->dev);
                ret = device_add(&intf->dev);
                if (ret != 0) {
                        dev_err(&dev->dev, "device_add(%s) --> %d\n",
                                dev_name(&intf->dev), ret);
                        continue;
                }
                create_intf_ep_devs(intf);
        }

        usb_autosuspend_device(dev);
        return 0;
}

static LIST_HEAD(set_config_list);
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(set_config_lock);

struct set_config_request {
        struct usb_device       *udev;
        int                     config;
        struct work_struct      work;
        struct list_head        node;
};

/* Worker routine for usb_driver_set_configuration() */
static void driver_set_config_work(struct work_struct *work)
{
        struct set_config_request *req =
                container_of(work, struct set_config_request, work);
        struct usb_device *udev = req->udev;

        usb_lock_device(udev);
        spin_lock(&set_config_lock);
        list_del(&req->node);
        spin_unlock(&set_config_lock);

        if (req->config >= -1)          /* Is req still valid? */
                usb_set_configuration(udev, req->config);
        usb_unlock_device(udev);
        usb_put_dev(udev);
        kfree(req);
}

/* Cancel pending Set-Config requests for a device whose configuration
 * was just changed
 */
static void cancel_async_set_config(struct usb_device *udev)
{
        struct set_config_request *req;

        spin_lock(&set_config_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(req, &set_config_list, node) {
                if (req->udev == udev)
                        req->config = -999;     /* Mark as cancelled */
        }
        spin_unlock(&set_config_lock);
}

/**
 * usb_driver_set_configuration - Provide a way for drivers to change device configurations
 * @udev: the device whose configuration is being updated
 * @config: the configuration being chosen.
 * Context: In process context, must be able to sleep
 *
 * Device interface drivers are not allowed to change device configurations.
 * This is because changing configurations will destroy the interface the
 * driver is bound to and create new ones; it would be like a floppy-disk
 * driver telling the computer to replace the floppy-disk drive with a
 * tape drive!
 *
 * Still, in certain specialized circumstances the need may arise.  This
 * routine gets around the normal restrictions by using a work thread to
 * submit the change-config request.
 *
 * Returns 0 if the request was successfully queued, error code otherwise.
 * The caller has no way to know whether the queued request will eventually
 * succeed.
 */
int usb_driver_set_configuration(struct usb_device *udev, int config)
{
        struct set_config_request *req;

        req = kmalloc(sizeof(*req), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!req)
                return -ENOMEM;
        req->udev = udev;
        req->config = config;
        INIT_WORK(&req->work, driver_set_config_work);

        spin_lock(&set_config_lock);
        list_add(&req->node, &set_config_list);
        spin_unlock(&set_config_lock);

        usb_get_dev(udev);
        schedule_work(&req->work);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(usb_driver_set_configuration);