/*
 * menu.c - the menu idle governor
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2006-2007 Adam Belay <abelay@novell.com>
 * Copyright (C) 2009 Intel Corporation
 * Author:
 *        Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
 *
 * This code is licenced under the GPL version 2 as described
 * in the COPYING file that acompanies the Linux Kernel.
 */

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/cpuidle.h>
#include <linux/pm_qos.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/ktime.h>
#include <linux/hrtimer.h>
#include <linux/tick.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/math64.h>
#include <linux/module.h>

#define BUCKETS 12
#define INTERVALS 8
#define RESOLUTION 1024
#define DECAY 8
#define MAX_INTERESTING 50000
#define STDDEV_THRESH 400

/* 60 * 60 > STDDEV_THRESH * INTERVALS = 400 * 8 */
#define MAX_DEVIATION 60

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct hrtimer, menu_hrtimer);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, hrtimer_status);
/* menu hrtimer mode */
enum {MENU_HRTIMER_STOP, MENU_HRTIMER_REPEAT, MENU_HRTIMER_GENERAL};

/*
 * Concepts and ideas behind the menu governor
 *
 * For the menu governor, there are 3 decision factors for picking a C
 * state:
 * 1) Energy break even point
 * 2) Performance impact
 * 3) Latency tolerance (from pmqos infrastructure)
 * These these three factors are treated independently.
 *
 * Energy break even point
 * -----------------------
 * C state entry and exit have an energy cost, and a certain amount of time in
 * the  C state is required to actually break even on this cost. CPUIDLE
 * provides us this duration in the "target_residency" field. So all that we
 * need is a good prediction of how long we'll be idle. Like the traditional
 * menu governor, we start with the actual known "next timer event" time.
 *
 * Since there are other source of wakeups (interrupts for example) than
 * the next timer event, this estimation is rather optimistic. To get a
 * more realistic estimate, a correction factor is applied to the estimate,
 * that is based on historic behavior. For example, if in the past the actual
 * duration always was 50% of the next timer tick, the correction factor will
 * be 0.5.
 *
 * menu uses a running average for this correction factor, however it uses a
 * set of factors, not just a single factor. This stems from the realization
 * that the ratio is dependent on the order of magnitude of the expected
 * duration; if we expect 500 milliseconds of idle time the likelihood of
 * getting an interrupt very early is much higher than if we expect 50 micro
 * seconds of idle time. A second independent factor that has big impact on
 * the actual factor is if there is (disk) IO outstanding or not.
 * (as a special twist, we consider every sleep longer than 50 milliseconds
 * as perfect; there are no power gains for sleeping longer than this)
 *
 * For these two reasons we keep an array of 12 independent factors, that gets
 * indexed based on the magnitude of the expected duration as well as the
 * "is IO outstanding" property.
 *
 * Repeatable-interval-detector
 * ----------------------------
 * There are some cases where "next timer" is a completely unusable predictor:
 * Those cases where the interval is fixed, for example due to hardware
 * interrupt mitigation, but also due to fixed transfer rate devices such as
 * mice.
 * For this, we use a different predictor: We track the duration of the last 8
 * intervals and if the stand deviation of these 8 intervals is below a
 * threshold value, we use the average of these intervals as prediction.
 *
 * Limiting Performance Impact
 * ---------------------------
 * C states, especially those with large exit latencies, can have a real
 * noticeable impact on workloads, which is not acceptable for most sysadmins,
 * and in addition, less performance has a power price of its own.
 *
 * As a general rule of thumb, menu assumes that the following heuristic
 * holds:
 *     The busier the system, the less impact of C states is acceptable
 *
 * This rule-of-thumb is implemented using a performance-multiplier:
 * If the exit latency times the performance multiplier is longer than
 * the predicted duration, the C state is not considered a candidate
 * for selection due to a too high performance impact. So the higher
 * this multiplier is, the longer we need to be idle to pick a deep C
 * state, and thus the less likely a busy CPU will hit such a deep
 * C state.
 *
 * Two factors are used in determing this multiplier:
 * a value of 10 is added for each point of "per cpu load average" we have.
 * a value of 5 points is added for each process that is waiting for
 * IO on this CPU.
 * (these values are experimentally determined)
 *
 * The load average factor gives a longer term (few seconds) input to the
 * decision, while the iowait value gives a cpu local instantanious input.
 * The iowait factor may look low, but realize that this is also already
 * represented in the system load average.
 *
 */

/*
 * The C-state residency is so long that is is worthwhile to exit
 * from the shallow C-state and re-enter into a deeper C-state.
 */
static unsigned int perfect_cstate_ms __read_mostly = 30;
module_param(perfect_cstate_ms, uint, 0000);

struct menu_device {
        int             last_state_idx;
        int             needs_update;

        unsigned int    expected_us;
        u64             predicted_us;
        unsigned int    exit_us;
        unsigned int    bucket;
        u64             correction_factor[BUCKETS];
        u32             intervals[INTERVALS];
        int             interval_ptr;
};


#define LOAD_INT(x) ((x) >> FSHIFT)
#define LOAD_FRAC(x) LOAD_INT(((x) & (FIXED_1-1)) * 100)

static int get_loadavg(void)
{
        unsigned long this = this_cpu_load();


        return LOAD_INT(this) * 10 + LOAD_FRAC(this) / 10;
}

static inline int which_bucket(unsigned int duration)
{
        int bucket = 0;

        /*
         * We keep two groups of stats; one with no
         * IO pending, one without.
         * This allows us to calculate
         * E(duration)|iowait
         */
        if (nr_iowait_cpu(smp_processor_id()))
                bucket = BUCKETS/2;

        if (duration < 10)
                return bucket;
        if (duration < 100)
                return bucket + 1;
        if (duration < 1000)
                return bucket + 2;
        if (duration < 10000)
                return bucket + 3;
        if (duration < 100000)
                return bucket + 4;
        return bucket + 5;
}

/*
 * Return a multiplier for the exit latency that is intended
 * to take performance requirements into account.
 * The more performance critical we estimate the system
 * to be, the higher this multiplier, and thus the higher
 * the barrier to go to an expensive C state.
 */
static inline int performance_multiplier(void)
{
        int mult = 1;

        /* for higher loadavg, we are more reluctant */

        mult += 2 * get_loadavg();

        /* for IO wait tasks (per cpu!) we add 5x each */
        mult += 10 * nr_iowait_cpu(smp_processor_id());

        return mult;
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct menu_device, menu_devices);

static void menu_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev);

/* This implements DIV_ROUND_CLOSEST but avoids 64 bit division */
static u64 div_round64(u64 dividend, u32 divisor)
{
        return div_u64(dividend + (divisor / 2), divisor);
}

/* Cancel the hrtimer if it is not triggered yet */
void menu_hrtimer_cancel(void)
{
        int cpu = smp_processor_id();
        struct hrtimer *hrtmr = &per_cpu(menu_hrtimer, cpu);

        /* The timer is still not time out*/
        if (per_cpu(hrtimer_status, cpu)) {
                hrtimer_cancel(hrtmr);
                per_cpu(hrtimer_status, cpu) = MENU_HRTIMER_STOP;
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(menu_hrtimer_cancel);

/* Call back for hrtimer is triggered */
static enum hrtimer_restart menu_hrtimer_notify(struct hrtimer *hrtimer)
{
        int cpu = smp_processor_id();
        struct menu_device *data = &per_cpu(menu_devices, cpu);

        /* In general case, the expected residency is much larger than
         *  deepest C-state target residency, but prediction logic still
         *  predicts a small predicted residency, so the prediction
         *  history is totally broken if the timer is triggered.
         *  So reset the correction factor.
         */
        if (per_cpu(hrtimer_status, cpu) == MENU_HRTIMER_GENERAL)
                data->correction_factor[data->bucket] = RESOLUTION * DECAY;

        per_cpu(hrtimer_status, cpu) = MENU_HRTIMER_STOP;

        return HRTIMER_NORESTART;
}

/*
 * Try detecting repeating patterns by keeping track of the last 8
 * intervals, and checking if the standard deviation of that set
 * of points is below a threshold. If it is... then use the
 * average of these 8 points as the estimated value.
 */
static u32 get_typical_interval(struct menu_device *data)
{
        int i = 0, divisor = 0;
        uint64_t max = 0, avg = 0, stddev = 0;
        int64_t thresh = LLONG_MAX; /* Discard outliers above this value. */
        unsigned int ret = 0;

again:

        /* first calculate average and standard deviation of the past */
        max = avg = divisor = stddev = 0;
        for (i = 0; i < INTERVALS; i++) {
                int64_t value = data->intervals[i];
                if (value <= thresh) {
                        avg += value;
                        divisor++;
                        if (value > max)
                                max = value;
                }
        }
        do_div(avg, divisor);

        for (i = 0; i < INTERVALS; i++) {
                int64_t value = data->intervals[i];
                if (value <= thresh) {
                        int64_t diff = value - avg;
                        stddev += diff * diff;
                }
        }
        do_div(stddev, divisor);
        stddev = int_sqrt(stddev);
        /*
         * If we have outliers to the upside in our distribution, discard
         * those by setting the threshold to exclude these outliers, then
         * calculate the average and standard deviation again. Once we get
         * down to the bottom 3/4 of our samples, stop excluding samples.
         *
         * This can deal with workloads that have long pauses interspersed
         * with sporadic activity with a bunch of short pauses.
         *
         * The typical interval is obtained when standard deviation is small
         * or standard deviation is small compared to the average interval.
         */
        if (((avg > stddev * 6) && (divisor * 4 >= INTERVALS * 3))
                                                        || stddev <= 20) {
                data->predicted_us = avg;
                ret = 1;
                return ret;

        } else if ((divisor * 4) > INTERVALS * 3) {
                /* Exclude the max interval */
                thresh = max - 1;
                goto again;
        }

        return ret;
}

/**
 * menu_select - selects the next idle state to enter
 * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data
 * @dev: the CPU
 */
static int menu_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{
        struct menu_device *data = &__get_cpu_var(menu_devices);
        int latency_req = pm_qos_request(PM_QOS_CPU_DMA_LATENCY);
        int i;
        int multiplier;
        struct timespec t;
        int repeat = 0, low_predicted = 0;
        int cpu = smp_processor_id();
        struct hrtimer *hrtmr = &per_cpu(menu_hrtimer, cpu);

        if (data->needs_update) {
                menu_update(drv, dev);
                data->needs_update = 0;
        }

        data->last_state_idx = 0;
        data->exit_us = 0;

        /* Special case when user has set very strict latency requirement */
        if (unlikely(latency_req == 0))
                return 0;

        /* determine the expected residency time, round up */
        t = ktime_to_timespec(tick_nohz_get_sleep_length());
        data->expected_us =
                t.tv_sec * USEC_PER_SEC + t.tv_nsec / NSEC_PER_USEC;


        data->bucket = which_bucket(data->expected_us);

        multiplier = performance_multiplier();

        /*
         * if the correction factor is 0 (eg first time init or cpu hotplug
         * etc), we actually want to start out with a unity factor.
         */
        if (data->correction_factor[data->bucket] == 0)
                data->correction_factor[data->bucket] = RESOLUTION * DECAY;

        /* Make sure to round up for half microseconds */
        data->predicted_us = div_round64(data->expected_us * data->correction_factor[data->bucket],
                                         RESOLUTION * DECAY);

        repeat = get_typical_interval(data);

        /*
         * We want to default to C1 (hlt), not to busy polling
         * unless the timer is happening really really soon.
         */
        if (data->expected_us > 5 &&
            !drv->states[CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START].disabled &&
                dev->states_usage[CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START].disable == 0)
                data->last_state_idx = CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START;

        /*
         * Find the idle state with the lowest power while satisfying
         * our constraints.
         */
        for (i = CPUIDLE_DRIVER_STATE_START; i < drv->state_count; i++) {
                struct cpuidle_state *s = &drv->states[i];
                struct cpuidle_state_usage *su = &dev->states_usage[i];

                if (s->disabled || su->disable)
                        continue;
                if (s->target_residency > data->predicted_us) {
                        low_predicted = 1;
                        continue;
                }
                if (s->exit_latency > latency_req)
                        continue;
                if (s->exit_latency * multiplier > data->predicted_us)
                        continue;

                data->last_state_idx = i;
                data->exit_us = s->exit_latency;
        }

        /* not deepest C-state chosen for low predicted residency */
        if (low_predicted) {
                unsigned int timer_us = 0;
                unsigned int perfect_us = 0;

                /*
                 * Set a timer to detect whether this sleep is much
                 * longer than repeat mode predicted.  If the timer
                 * triggers, the code will evaluate whether to put
                 * the CPU into a deeper C-state.
                 * The timer is cancelled on CPU wakeup.
                 */
                timer_us = 2 * (data->predicted_us + MAX_DEVIATION);

                perfect_us = perfect_cstate_ms * 1000;

                if (repeat && (4 * timer_us < data->expected_us)) {
                        RCU_NONIDLE(hrtimer_start(hrtmr,
                                ns_to_ktime(1000 * timer_us),
                                HRTIMER_MODE_REL_PINNED));
                        /* In repeat case, menu hrtimer is started */
                        per_cpu(hrtimer_status, cpu) = MENU_HRTIMER_REPEAT;
                } else if (perfect_us < data->expected_us) {
                        /*
                         * The next timer is long. This could be because
                         * we did not make a useful prediction.
                         * In that case, it makes sense to re-enter
                         * into a deeper C-state after some time.
                         */
                        RCU_NONIDLE(hrtimer_start(hrtmr,
                                ns_to_ktime(1000 * timer_us),
                                HRTIMER_MODE_REL_PINNED));
                        /* In general case, menu hrtimer is started */
                        per_cpu(hrtimer_status, cpu) = MENU_HRTIMER_GENERAL;
                }

        }

        return data->last_state_idx;
}

/**
 * menu_reflect - records that data structures need update
 * @dev: the CPU
 * @index: the index of actual entered state
 *
 * NOTE: it's important to be fast here because this operation will add to
 *       the overall exit latency.
 */
static void menu_reflect(struct cpuidle_device *dev, int index)
{
        struct menu_device *data = &__get_cpu_var(menu_devices);
        data->last_state_idx = index;
        if (index >= 0)
                data->needs_update = 1;
}

/**
 * menu_update - attempts to guess what happened after entry
 * @drv: cpuidle driver containing state data
 * @dev: the CPU
 */
static void menu_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{
        struct menu_device *data = &__get_cpu_var(menu_devices);
        int last_idx = data->last_state_idx;
        unsigned int last_idle_us = cpuidle_get_last_residency(dev);
        struct cpuidle_state *target = &drv->states[last_idx];
        unsigned int measured_us;
        u64 new_factor;

        /*
         * Ugh, this idle state doesn't support residency measurements, so we
         * are basically lost in the dark.  As a compromise, assume we slept
         * for the whole expected time.
         */
        if (unlikely(!(target->flags & CPUIDLE_FLAG_TIME_VALID)))
                last_idle_us = data->expected_us;


        measured_us = last_idle_us;

        /*
         * We correct for the exit latency; we are assuming here that the
         * exit latency happens after the event that we're interested in.
         */
        if (measured_us > data->exit_us)
                measured_us -= data->exit_us;


        /* update our correction ratio */

        new_factor = data->correction_factor[data->bucket]
                        * (DECAY - 1) / DECAY;

        if (data->expected_us > 0 && measured_us < MAX_INTERESTING)
                new_factor += RESOLUTION * measured_us / data->expected_us;
        else
                /*
                 * we were idle so long that we count it as a perfect
                 * prediction
                 */
                new_factor += RESOLUTION;

        /*
         * We don't want 0 as factor; we always want at least
         * a tiny bit of estimated time.
         */
        if (new_factor == 0)
                new_factor = 1;

        data->correction_factor[data->bucket] = new_factor;

        /* update the repeating-pattern data */
        data->intervals[data->interval_ptr++] = last_idle_us;
        if (data->interval_ptr >= INTERVALS)
                data->interval_ptr = 0;
}

/**
 * menu_enable_device - scans a CPU's states and does setup
 * @drv: cpuidle driver
 * @dev: the CPU
 */
static int menu_enable_device(struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
                                struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{
        struct menu_device *data = &per_cpu(menu_devices, dev->cpu);
        struct hrtimer *t = &per_cpu(menu_hrtimer, dev->cpu);
        hrtimer_init(t, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_REL);
        t->function = menu_hrtimer_notify;

        memset(data, 0, sizeof(struct menu_device));

        return 0;
}

static struct cpuidle_governor menu_governor = {
        .name =         "menu",
        .rating =       20,
        .enable =       menu_enable_device,
        .select =       menu_select,
        .reflect =      menu_reflect,
        .owner =        THIS_MODULE,
};

/**
 * init_menu - initializes the governor
 */
static int __init init_menu(void)
{
        return cpuidle_register_governor(&menu_governor);
}

/**
 * exit_menu - exits the governor
 */
static void __exit exit_menu(void)
{
        cpuidle_unregister_governor(&menu_governor);
}

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
module_init(init_menu);
module_exit(exit_menu);