linux/Documentation/DMA-API-HOWTO.txt
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   1                     Dynamic DMA mapping Guide
   2                     =========================
   3
   4                 David S. Miller <davem@redhat.com>
   5                 Richard Henderson <rth@cygnus.com>
   6                  Jakub Jelinek <jakub@redhat.com>
   7
   8This is a guide to device driver writers on how to use the DMA API
   9with example pseudo-code.  For a concise description of the API, see
  10DMA-API.txt.
  11
  12Most of the 64bit platforms have special hardware that translates bus
  13addresses (DMA addresses) into physical addresses.  This is similar to
  14how page tables and/or a TLB translates virtual addresses to physical
  15addresses on a CPU.  This is needed so that e.g. PCI devices can
  16access with a Single Address Cycle (32bit DMA address) any page in the
  1764bit physical address space.  Previously in Linux those 64bit
  18platforms had to set artificial limits on the maximum RAM size in the
  19system, so that the virt_to_bus() static scheme works (the DMA address
  20translation tables were simply filled on bootup to map each bus
  21address to the physical page __pa(bus_to_virt())).
  22
  23So that Linux can use the dynamic DMA mapping, it needs some help from the
  24drivers, namely it has to take into account that DMA addresses should be
  25mapped only for the time they are actually used and unmapped after the DMA
  26transfer.
  27
  28The following API will work of course even on platforms where no such
  29hardware exists.
  30
  31Note that the DMA API works with any bus independent of the underlying
  32microprocessor architecture. You should use the DMA API rather than
  33the bus specific DMA API (e.g. pci_dma_*).
  34
  35First of all, you should make sure
  36
  37#include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
  38
  39is in your driver. This file will obtain for you the definition of the
  40dma_addr_t (which can hold any valid DMA address for the platform)
  41type which should be used everywhere you hold a DMA (bus) address
  42returned from the DMA mapping functions.
  43
  44                         What memory is DMA'able?
  45
  46The first piece of information you must know is what kernel memory can
  47be used with the DMA mapping facilities.  There has been an unwritten
  48set of rules regarding this, and this text is an attempt to finally
  49write them down.
  50
  51If you acquired your memory via the page allocator
  52(i.e. __get_free_page*()) or the generic memory allocators
  53(i.e. kmalloc() or kmem_cache_alloc()) then you may DMA to/from
  54that memory using the addresses returned from those routines.
  55
  56This means specifically that you may _not_ use the memory/addresses
  57returned from vmalloc() for DMA.  It is possible to DMA to the
  58_underlying_ memory mapped into a vmalloc() area, but this requires
  59walking page tables to get the physical addresses, and then
  60translating each of those pages back to a kernel address using
  61something like __va().  [ EDIT: Update this when we integrate
  62Gerd Knorr's generic code which does this. ]
  63
  64This rule also means that you may use neither kernel image addresses
  65(items in data/text/bss segments), nor module image addresses, nor
  66stack addresses for DMA.  These could all be mapped somewhere entirely
  67different than the rest of physical memory.  Even if those classes of
  68memory could physically work with DMA, you'd need to ensure the I/O
  69buffers were cacheline-aligned.  Without that, you'd see cacheline
  70sharing problems (data corruption) on CPUs with DMA-incoherent caches.
  71(The CPU could write to one word, DMA would write to a different one
  72in the same cache line, and one of them could be overwritten.)
  73
  74Also, this means that you cannot take the return of a kmap()
  75call and DMA to/from that.  This is similar to vmalloc().
  76
  77What about block I/O and networking buffers?  The block I/O and
  78networking subsystems make sure that the buffers they use are valid
  79for you to DMA from/to.
  80
  81                        DMA addressing limitations
  82
  83Does your device have any DMA addressing limitations?  For example, is
  84your device only capable of driving the low order 24-bits of address?
  85If so, you need to inform the kernel of this fact.
  86
  87By default, the kernel assumes that your device can address the full
  8832-bits.  For a 64-bit capable device, this needs to be increased.
  89And for a device with limitations, as discussed in the previous
  90paragraph, it needs to be decreased.
  91
  92Special note about PCI: PCI-X specification requires PCI-X devices to
  93support 64-bit addressing (DAC) for all transactions.  And at least
  94one platform (SGI SN2) requires 64-bit consistent allocations to
  95operate correctly when the IO bus is in PCI-X mode.
  96
  97For correct operation, you must interrogate the kernel in your device
  98probe routine to see if the DMA controller on the machine can properly
  99support the DMA addressing limitation your device has.  It is good
 100style to do this even if your device holds the default setting,
 101because this shows that you did think about these issues wrt. your
 102device.
 103
 104The query is performed via a call to dma_set_mask():
 105
 106        int dma_set_mask(struct device *dev, u64 mask);
 107
 108The query for consistent allocations is performed via a call to
 109dma_set_coherent_mask():
 110
 111        int dma_set_coherent_mask(struct device *dev, u64 mask);
 112
 113Here, dev is a pointer to the device struct of your device, and mask
 114is a bit mask describing which bits of an address your device
 115supports.  It returns zero if your card can perform DMA properly on
 116the machine given the address mask you provided.  In general, the
 117device struct of your device is embedded in the bus specific device
 118struct of your device.  For example, a pointer to the device struct of
 119your PCI device is pdev->dev (pdev is a pointer to the PCI device
 120struct of your device).
 121
 122If it returns non-zero, your device cannot perform DMA properly on
 123this platform, and attempting to do so will result in undefined
 124behavior.  You must either use a different mask, or not use DMA.
 125
 126This means that in the failure case, you have three options:
 127
 1281) Use another DMA mask, if possible (see below).
 1292) Use some non-DMA mode for data transfer, if possible.
 1303) Ignore this device and do not initialize it.
 131
 132It is recommended that your driver print a kernel KERN_WARNING message
 133when you end up performing either #2 or #3.  In this manner, if a user
 134of your driver reports that performance is bad or that the device is not
 135even detected, you can ask them for the kernel messages to find out
 136exactly why.
 137
 138The standard 32-bit addressing device would do something like this:
 139
 140        if (dma_set_mask(dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
 141                printk(KERN_WARNING
 142                       "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
 143                goto ignore_this_device;
 144        }
 145
 146Another common scenario is a 64-bit capable device.  The approach here
 147is to try for 64-bit addressing, but back down to a 32-bit mask that
 148should not fail.  The kernel may fail the 64-bit mask not because the
 149platform is not capable of 64-bit addressing.  Rather, it may fail in
 150this case simply because 32-bit addressing is done more efficiently
 151than 64-bit addressing.  For example, Sparc64 PCI SAC addressing is
 152more efficient than DAC addressing.
 153
 154Here is how you would handle a 64-bit capable device which can drive
 155all 64-bits when accessing streaming DMA:
 156
 157        int using_dac;
 158
 159        if (!dma_set_mask(dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64))) {
 160                using_dac = 1;
 161        } else if (!dma_set_mask(dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
 162                using_dac = 0;
 163        } else {
 164                printk(KERN_WARNING
 165                       "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
 166                goto ignore_this_device;
 167        }
 168
 169If a card is capable of using 64-bit consistent allocations as well,
 170the case would look like this:
 171
 172        int using_dac, consistent_using_dac;
 173
 174        if (!dma_set_mask(dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64))) {
 175                using_dac = 1;
 176                consistent_using_dac = 1;
 177                dma_set_coherent_mask(dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64));
 178        } else if (!dma_set_mask(dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
 179                using_dac = 0;
 180                consistent_using_dac = 0;
 181                dma_set_coherent_mask(dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32));
 182        } else {
 183                printk(KERN_WARNING
 184                       "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
 185                goto ignore_this_device;
 186        }
 187
 188dma_set_coherent_mask() will always be able to set the same or a
 189smaller mask as dma_set_mask(). However for the rare case that a
 190device driver only uses consistent allocations, one would have to
 191check the return value from dma_set_coherent_mask().
 192
 193Finally, if your device can only drive the low 24-bits of
 194address you might do something like:
 195
 196        if (dma_set_mask(dev, DMA_BIT_MASK(24))) {
 197                printk(KERN_WARNING
 198                       "mydev: 24-bit DMA addressing not available.\n");
 199                goto ignore_this_device;
 200        }
 201
 202When dma_set_mask() is successful, and returns zero, the kernel saves
 203away this mask you have provided.  The kernel will use this
 204information later when you make DMA mappings.
 205
 206There is a case which we are aware of at this time, which is worth
 207mentioning in this documentation.  If your device supports multiple
 208functions (for example a sound card provides playback and record
 209functions) and the various different functions have _different_
 210DMA addressing limitations, you may wish to probe each mask and
 211only provide the functionality which the machine can handle.  It
 212is important that the last call to dma_set_mask() be for the
 213most specific mask.
 214
 215Here is pseudo-code showing how this might be done:
 216
 217        #define PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS   DMA_BIT_MASK(32)
 218        #define RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS     DMA_BIT_MASK(24)
 219
 220        struct my_sound_card *card;
 221        struct device *dev;
 222
 223        ...
 224        if (!dma_set_mask(dev, PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS)) {
 225                card->playback_enabled = 1;
 226        } else {
 227                card->playback_enabled = 0;
 228                printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: Playback disabled due to DMA limitations.\n",
 229                       card->name);
 230        }
 231        if (!dma_set_mask(dev, RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS)) {
 232                card->record_enabled = 1;
 233        } else {
 234                card->record_enabled = 0;
 235                printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: Record disabled due to DMA limitations.\n",
 236                       card->name);
 237        }
 238
 239A sound card was used as an example here because this genre of PCI
 240devices seems to be littered with ISA chips given a PCI front end,
 241and thus retaining the 16MB DMA addressing limitations of ISA.
 242
 243                        Types of DMA mappings
 244
 245There are two types of DMA mappings:
 246
 247- Consistent DMA mappings which are usually mapped at driver
 248  initialization, unmapped at the end and for which the hardware should
 249  guarantee that the device and the CPU can access the data
 250  in parallel and will see updates made by each other without any
 251  explicit software flushing.
 252
 253  Think of "consistent" as "synchronous" or "coherent".
 254
 255  The current default is to return consistent memory in the low 32
 256  bits of the bus space.  However, for future compatibility you should
 257  set the consistent mask even if this default is fine for your
 258  driver.
 259
 260  Good examples of what to use consistent mappings for are:
 261
 262        - Network card DMA ring descriptors.
 263        - SCSI adapter mailbox command data structures.
 264        - Device firmware microcode executed out of
 265          main memory.
 266
 267  The invariant these examples all require is that any CPU store
 268  to memory is immediately visible to the device, and vice
 269  versa.  Consistent mappings guarantee this.
 270
 271  IMPORTANT: Consistent DMA memory does not preclude the usage of
 272             proper memory barriers.  The CPU may reorder stores to
 273             consistent memory just as it may normal memory.  Example:
 274             if it is important for the device to see the first word
 275             of a descriptor updated before the second, you must do
 276             something like:
 277
 278                desc->word0 = address;
 279                wmb();
 280                desc->word1 = DESC_VALID;
 281
 282             in order to get correct behavior on all platforms.
 283
 284             Also, on some platforms your driver may need to flush CPU write
 285             buffers in much the same way as it needs to flush write buffers
 286             found in PCI bridges (such as by reading a register's value
 287             after writing it).
 288
 289- Streaming DMA mappings which are usually mapped for one DMA
 290  transfer, unmapped right after it (unless you use dma_sync_* below)
 291  and for which hardware can optimize for sequential accesses.
 292
 293  This of "streaming" as "asynchronous" or "outside the coherency
 294  domain".
 295
 296  Good examples of what to use streaming mappings for are:
 297
 298        - Networking buffers transmitted/received by a device.
 299        - Filesystem buffers written/read by a SCSI device.
 300
 301  The interfaces for using this type of mapping were designed in
 302  such a way that an implementation can make whatever performance
 303  optimizations the hardware allows.  To this end, when using
 304  such mappings you must be explicit about what you want to happen.
 305
 306Neither type of DMA mapping has alignment restrictions that come from
 307the underlying bus, although some devices may have such restrictions.
 308Also, systems with caches that aren't DMA-coherent will work better
 309when the underlying buffers don't share cache lines with other data.
 310
 311
 312                 Using Consistent DMA mappings.
 313
 314To allocate and map large (PAGE_SIZE or so) consistent DMA regions,
 315you should do:
 316
 317        dma_addr_t dma_handle;
 318
 319        cpu_addr = dma_alloc_coherent(dev, size, &dma_handle, gfp);
 320
 321where device is a struct device *. This may be called in interrupt
 322context with the GFP_ATOMIC flag.
 323
 324Size is the length of the region you want to allocate, in bytes.
 325
 326This routine will allocate RAM for that region, so it acts similarly to
 327__get_free_pages (but takes size instead of a page order).  If your
 328driver needs regions sized smaller than a page, you may prefer using
 329the dma_pool interface, described below.
 330
 331The consistent DMA mapping interfaces, for non-NULL dev, will by
 332default return a DMA address which is 32-bit addressable.  Even if the
 333device indicates (via DMA mask) that it may address the upper 32-bits,
 334consistent allocation will only return > 32-bit addresses for DMA if
 335the consistent DMA mask has been explicitly changed via
 336dma_set_coherent_mask().  This is true of the dma_pool interface as
 337well.
 338
 339dma_alloc_coherent returns two values: the virtual address which you
 340can use to access it from the CPU and dma_handle which you pass to the
 341card.
 342
 343The cpu return address and the DMA bus master address are both
 344guaranteed to be aligned to the smallest PAGE_SIZE order which
 345is greater than or equal to the requested size.  This invariant
 346exists (for example) to guarantee that if you allocate a chunk
 347which is smaller than or equal to 64 kilobytes, the extent of the
 348buffer you receive will not cross a 64K boundary.
 349
 350To unmap and free such a DMA region, you call:
 351
 352        dma_free_coherent(dev, size, cpu_addr, dma_handle);
 353
 354where dev, size are the same as in the above call and cpu_addr and
 355dma_handle are the values dma_alloc_coherent returned to you.
 356This function may not be called in interrupt context.
 357
 358If your driver needs lots of smaller memory regions, you can write
 359custom code to subdivide pages returned by dma_alloc_coherent,
 360or you can use the dma_pool API to do that.  A dma_pool is like
 361a kmem_cache, but it uses dma_alloc_coherent not __get_free_pages.
 362Also, it understands common hardware constraints for alignment,
 363like queue heads needing to be aligned on N byte boundaries.
 364
 365Create a dma_pool like this:
 366
 367        struct dma_pool *pool;
 368
 369        pool = dma_pool_create(name, dev, size, align, alloc);
 370
 371The "name" is for diagnostics (like a kmem_cache name); dev and size
 372are as above.  The device's hardware alignment requirement for this
 373type of data is "align" (which is expressed in bytes, and must be a
 374power of two).  If your device has no boundary crossing restrictions,
 375pass 0 for alloc; passing 4096 says memory allocated from this pool
 376must not cross 4KByte boundaries (but at that time it may be better to
 377go for dma_alloc_coherent directly instead).
 378
 379Allocate memory from a dma pool like this:
 380
 381        cpu_addr = dma_pool_alloc(pool, flags, &dma_handle);
 382
 383flags are SLAB_KERNEL if blocking is permitted (not in_interrupt nor
 384holding SMP locks), SLAB_ATOMIC otherwise.  Like dma_alloc_coherent,
 385this returns two values, cpu_addr and dma_handle.
 386
 387Free memory that was allocated from a dma_pool like this:
 388
 389        dma_pool_free(pool, cpu_addr, dma_handle);
 390
 391where pool is what you passed to dma_pool_alloc, and cpu_addr and
 392dma_handle are the values dma_pool_alloc returned. This function
 393may be called in interrupt context.
 394
 395Destroy a dma_pool by calling:
 396
 397        dma_pool_destroy(pool);
 398
 399Make sure you've called dma_pool_free for all memory allocated
 400from a pool before you destroy the pool. This function may not
 401be called in interrupt context.
 402
 403                        DMA Direction
 404
 405The interfaces described in subsequent portions of this document
 406take a DMA direction argument, which is an integer and takes on
 407one of the following values:
 408
 409 DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL
 410 DMA_TO_DEVICE
 411 DMA_FROM_DEVICE
 412 DMA_NONE
 413
 414One should provide the exact DMA direction if you know it.
 415
 416DMA_TO_DEVICE means "from main memory to the device"
 417DMA_FROM_DEVICE means "from the device to main memory"
 418It is the direction in which the data moves during the DMA
 419transfer.
 420
 421You are _strongly_ encouraged to specify this as precisely
 422as you possibly can.
 423
 424If you absolutely cannot know the direction of the DMA transfer,
 425specify DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL.  It means that the DMA can go in
 426either direction.  The platform guarantees that you may legally
 427specify this, and that it will work, but this may be at the
 428cost of performance for example.
 429
 430The value DMA_NONE is to be used for debugging.  One can
 431hold this in a data structure before you come to know the
 432precise direction, and this will help catch cases where your
 433direction tracking logic has failed to set things up properly.
 434
 435Another advantage of specifying this value precisely (outside of
 436potential platform-specific optimizations of such) is for debugging.
 437Some platforms actually have a write permission boolean which DMA
 438mappings can be marked with, much like page protections in the user
 439program address space.  Such platforms can and do report errors in the
 440kernel logs when the DMA controller hardware detects violation of the
 441permission setting.
 442
 443Only streaming mappings specify a direction, consistent mappings
 444implicitly have a direction attribute setting of
 445DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL.
 446
 447The SCSI subsystem tells you the direction to use in the
 448'sc_data_direction' member of the SCSI command your driver is
 449working on.
 450
 451For Networking drivers, it's a rather simple affair.  For transmit
 452packets, map/unmap them with the DMA_TO_DEVICE direction
 453specifier.  For receive packets, just the opposite, map/unmap them
 454with the DMA_FROM_DEVICE direction specifier.
 455
 456                  Using Streaming DMA mappings
 457
 458The streaming DMA mapping routines can be called from interrupt
 459context.  There are two versions of each map/unmap, one which will
 460map/unmap a single memory region, and one which will map/unmap a
 461scatterlist.
 462
 463To map a single region, you do:
 464
 465        struct device *dev = &my_dev->dev;
 466        dma_addr_t dma_handle;
 467        void *addr = buffer->ptr;
 468        size_t size = buffer->len;
 469
 470        dma_handle = dma_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
 471        if (dma_mapping_error(dma_handle)) {
 472                /*
 473                 * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
 474                 * delay and try again later or
 475                 * reset driver.
 476                 */
 477                goto map_error_handling;
 478        }
 479
 480and to unmap it:
 481
 482        dma_unmap_single(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
 483
 484You should call dma_mapping_error() as dma_map_single() could fail and return
 485error. Not all dma implementations support dma_mapping_error() interface.
 486However, it is a good practice to call dma_mapping_error() interface, which
 487will invoke the generic mapping error check interface. Doing so will ensure
 488that the mapping code will work correctly on all dma implementations without
 489any dependency on the specifics of the underlying implementation. Using the
 490returned address without checking for errors could result in failures ranging
 491from panics to silent data corruption. A couple of examples of incorrect ways
 492to check for errors that make assumptions about the underlying dma
 493implementation are as follows and these are applicable to dma_map_page() as
 494well.
 495
 496Incorrect example 1:
 497        dma_addr_t dma_handle;
 498
 499        dma_handle = dma_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
 500        if ((dma_handle & 0xffff != 0) || (dma_handle >= 0x1000000)) {
 501                goto map_error;
 502        }
 503
 504Incorrect example 2:
 505        dma_addr_t dma_handle;
 506
 507        dma_handle = dma_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
 508        if (dma_handle == DMA_ERROR_CODE) {
 509                goto map_error;
 510        }
 511
 512You should call dma_unmap_single when the DMA activity is finished, e.g.
 513from the interrupt which told you that the DMA transfer is done.
 514
 515Using cpu pointers like this for single mappings has a disadvantage,
 516you cannot reference HIGHMEM memory in this way.  Thus, there is a
 517map/unmap interface pair akin to dma_{map,unmap}_single.  These
 518interfaces deal with page/offset pairs instead of cpu pointers.
 519Specifically:
 520
 521        struct device *dev = &my_dev->dev;
 522        dma_addr_t dma_handle;
 523        struct page *page = buffer->page;
 524        unsigned long offset = buffer->offset;
 525        size_t size = buffer->len;
 526
 527        dma_handle = dma_map_page(dev, page, offset, size, direction);
 528        if (dma_mapping_error(dma_handle)) {
 529                /*
 530                 * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
 531                 * delay and try again later or
 532                 * reset driver.
 533                 */
 534                goto map_error_handling;
 535        }
 536
 537        ...
 538
 539        dma_unmap_page(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
 540
 541Here, "offset" means byte offset within the given page.
 542
 543You should call dma_mapping_error() as dma_map_page() could fail and return
 544error as outlined under the dma_map_single() discussion.
 545
 546You should call dma_unmap_page when the DMA activity is finished, e.g.
 547from the interrupt which told you that the DMA transfer is done.
 548
 549With scatterlists, you map a region gathered from several regions by:
 550
 551        int i, count = dma_map_sg(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
 552        struct scatterlist *sg;
 553
 554        for_each_sg(sglist, sg, count, i) {
 555                hw_address[i] = sg_dma_address(sg);
 556                hw_len[i] = sg_dma_len(sg);
 557        }
 558
 559where nents is the number of entries in the sglist.
 560
 561The implementation is free to merge several consecutive sglist entries
 562into one (e.g. if DMA mapping is done with PAGE_SIZE granularity, any
 563consecutive sglist entries can be merged into one provided the first one
 564ends and the second one starts on a page boundary - in fact this is a huge
 565advantage for cards which either cannot do scatter-gather or have very
 566limited number of scatter-gather entries) and returns the actual number
 567of sg entries it mapped them to. On failure 0 is returned.
 568
 569Then you should loop count times (note: this can be less than nents times)
 570and use sg_dma_address() and sg_dma_len() macros where you previously
 571accessed sg->address and sg->length as shown above.
 572
 573To unmap a scatterlist, just call:
 574
 575        dma_unmap_sg(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
 576
 577Again, make sure DMA activity has already finished.
 578
 579PLEASE NOTE:  The 'nents' argument to the dma_unmap_sg call must be
 580              the _same_ one you passed into the dma_map_sg call,
 581              it should _NOT_ be the 'count' value _returned_ from the
 582              dma_map_sg call.
 583
 584Every dma_map_{single,sg} call should have its dma_unmap_{single,sg}
 585counterpart, because the bus address space is a shared resource (although
 586in some ports the mapping is per each BUS so less devices contend for the
 587same bus address space) and you could render the machine unusable by eating
 588all bus addresses.
 589
 590If you need to use the same streaming DMA region multiple times and touch
 591the data in between the DMA transfers, the buffer needs to be synced
 592properly in order for the cpu and device to see the most uptodate and
 593correct copy of the DMA buffer.
 594
 595So, firstly, just map it with dma_map_{single,sg}, and after each DMA
 596transfer call either:
 597
 598        dma_sync_single_for_cpu(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
 599
 600or:
 601
 602        dma_sync_sg_for_cpu(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
 603
 604as appropriate.
 605
 606Then, if you wish to let the device get at the DMA area again,
 607finish accessing the data with the cpu, and then before actually
 608giving the buffer to the hardware call either:
 609
 610        dma_sync_single_for_device(dev, dma_handle, size, direction);
 611
 612or:
 613
 614        dma_sync_sg_for_device(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
 615
 616as appropriate.
 617
 618After the last DMA transfer call one of the DMA unmap routines
 619dma_unmap_{single,sg}. If you don't touch the data from the first dma_map_*
 620call till dma_unmap_*, then you don't have to call the dma_sync_*
 621routines at all.
 622
 623Here is pseudo code which shows a situation in which you would need
 624to use the dma_sync_*() interfaces.
 625
 626        my_card_setup_receive_buffer(struct my_card *cp, char *buffer, int len)
 627        {
 628                dma_addr_t mapping;
 629
 630                mapping = dma_map_single(cp->dev, buffer, len, DMA_FROM_DEVICE);
 631                if (dma_mapping_error(dma_handle)) {
 632                        /*
 633                         * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
 634                         * delay and try again later or
 635                         * reset driver.
 636                         */
 637                        goto map_error_handling;
 638                }
 639
 640                cp->rx_buf = buffer;
 641                cp->rx_len = len;
 642                cp->rx_dma = mapping;
 643
 644                give_rx_buf_to_card(cp);
 645        }
 646
 647        ...
 648
 649        my_card_interrupt_handler(int irq, void *devid, struct pt_regs *regs)
 650        {
 651                struct my_card *cp = devid;
 652
 653                ...
 654                if (read_card_status(cp) == RX_BUF_TRANSFERRED) {
 655                        struct my_card_header *hp;
 656
 657                        /* Examine the header to see if we wish
 658                         * to accept the data.  But synchronize
 659                         * the DMA transfer with the CPU first
 660                         * so that we see updated contents.
 661                         */
 662                        dma_sync_single_for_cpu(&cp->dev, cp->rx_dma,
 663                                                cp->rx_len,
 664                                                DMA_FROM_DEVICE);
 665
 666                        /* Now it is safe to examine the buffer. */
 667                        hp = (struct my_card_header *) cp->rx_buf;
 668                        if (header_is_ok(hp)) {
 669                                dma_unmap_single(&cp->dev, cp->rx_dma, cp->rx_len,
 670                                                 DMA_FROM_DEVICE);
 671                                pass_to_upper_layers(cp->rx_buf);
 672                                make_and_setup_new_rx_buf(cp);
 673                        } else {
 674                                /* CPU should not write to
 675                                 * DMA_FROM_DEVICE-mapped area,
 676                                 * so dma_sync_single_for_device() is
 677                                 * not needed here. It would be required
 678                                 * for DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL mapping if
 679                                 * the memory was modified.
 680                                 */
 681                                give_rx_buf_to_card(cp);
 682                        }
 683                }
 684        }
 685
 686Drivers converted fully to this interface should not use virt_to_bus any
 687longer, nor should they use bus_to_virt. Some drivers have to be changed a
 688little bit, because there is no longer an equivalent to bus_to_virt in the
 689dynamic DMA mapping scheme - you have to always store the DMA addresses
 690returned by the dma_alloc_coherent, dma_pool_alloc, and dma_map_single
 691calls (dma_map_sg stores them in the scatterlist itself if the platform
 692supports dynamic DMA mapping in hardware) in your driver structures and/or
 693in the card registers.
 694
 695All drivers should be using these interfaces with no exceptions.  It
 696is planned to completely remove virt_to_bus() and bus_to_virt() as
 697they are entirely deprecated.  Some ports already do not provide these
 698as it is impossible to correctly support them.
 699
 700                        Handling Errors
 701
 702DMA address space is limited on some architectures and an allocation
 703failure can be determined by:
 704
 705- checking if dma_alloc_coherent returns NULL or dma_map_sg returns 0
 706
 707- checking the returned dma_addr_t of dma_map_single and dma_map_page
 708  by using dma_mapping_error():
 709
 710        dma_addr_t dma_handle;
 711
 712        dma_handle = dma_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
 713        if (dma_mapping_error(dev, dma_handle)) {
 714                /*
 715                 * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
 716                 * delay and try again later or
 717                 * reset driver.
 718                 */
 719                goto map_error_handling;
 720        }
 721
 722- unmap pages that are already mapped, when mapping error occurs in the middle
 723  of a multiple page mapping attempt. These example are applicable to
 724  dma_map_page() as well.
 725
 726Example 1:
 727        dma_addr_t dma_handle1;
 728        dma_addr_t dma_handle2;
 729
 730        dma_handle1 = dma_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
 731        if (dma_mapping_error(dev, dma_handle1)) {
 732                /*
 733                 * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
 734                 * delay and try again later or
 735                 * reset driver.
 736                 */
 737                goto map_error_handling1;
 738        }
 739        dma_handle2 = dma_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
 740        if (dma_mapping_error(dev, dma_handle2)) {
 741                /*
 742                 * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
 743                 * delay and try again later or
 744                 * reset driver.
 745                 */
 746                goto map_error_handling2;
 747        }
 748
 749        ...
 750
 751        map_error_handling2:
 752                dma_unmap_single(dma_handle1);
 753        map_error_handling1:
 754
 755Example 2: (if buffers are allocated in a loop, unmap all mapped buffers when
 756            mapping error is detected in the middle)
 757
 758        dma_addr_t dma_addr;
 759        dma_addr_t array[DMA_BUFFERS];
 760        int save_index = 0;
 761
 762        for (i = 0; i < DMA_BUFFERS; i++) {
 763
 764                ...
 765
 766                dma_addr = dma_map_single(dev, addr, size, direction);
 767                if (dma_mapping_error(dev, dma_addr)) {
 768                        /*
 769                         * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
 770                         * delay and try again later or
 771                         * reset driver.
 772                         */
 773                        goto map_error_handling;
 774                }
 775                array[i].dma_addr = dma_addr;
 776                save_index++;
 777        }
 778
 779        ...
 780
 781        map_error_handling:
 782
 783        for (i = 0; i < save_index; i++) {
 784
 785                ...
 786
 787                dma_unmap_single(array[i].dma_addr);
 788        }
 789
 790Networking drivers must call dev_kfree_skb to free the socket buffer
 791and return NETDEV_TX_OK if the DMA mapping fails on the transmit hook
 792(ndo_start_xmit). This means that the socket buffer is just dropped in
 793the failure case.
 794
 795SCSI drivers must return SCSI_MLQUEUE_HOST_BUSY if the DMA mapping
 796fails in the queuecommand hook. This means that the SCSI subsystem
 797passes the command to the driver again later.
 798
 799                Optimizing Unmap State Space Consumption
 800
 801On many platforms, dma_unmap_{single,page}() is simply a nop.
 802Therefore, keeping track of the mapping address and length is a waste
 803of space.  Instead of filling your drivers up with ifdefs and the like
 804to "work around" this (which would defeat the whole purpose of a
 805portable API) the following facilities are provided.
 806
 807Actually, instead of describing the macros one by one, we'll
 808transform some example code.
 809
 8101) Use DEFINE_DMA_UNMAP_{ADDR,LEN} in state saving structures.
 811   Example, before:
 812
 813        struct ring_state {
 814                struct sk_buff *skb;
 815                dma_addr_t mapping;
 816                __u32 len;
 817        };
 818
 819   after:
 820
 821        struct ring_state {
 822                struct sk_buff *skb;
 823                DEFINE_DMA_UNMAP_ADDR(mapping);
 824                DEFINE_DMA_UNMAP_LEN(len);
 825        };
 826
 8272) Use dma_unmap_{addr,len}_set to set these values.
 828   Example, before:
 829
 830        ringp->mapping = FOO;
 831        ringp->len = BAR;
 832
 833   after:
 834
 835        dma_unmap_addr_set(ringp, mapping, FOO);
 836        dma_unmap_len_set(ringp, len, BAR);
 837
 8383) Use dma_unmap_{addr,len} to access these values.
 839   Example, before:
 840
 841        dma_unmap_single(dev, ringp->mapping, ringp->len,
 842                         DMA_FROM_DEVICE);
 843
 844   after:
 845
 846        dma_unmap_single(dev,
 847                         dma_unmap_addr(ringp, mapping),
 848                         dma_unmap_len(ringp, len),
 849                         DMA_FROM_DEVICE);
 850
 851It really should be self-explanatory.  We treat the ADDR and LEN
 852separately, because it is possible for an implementation to only
 853need the address in order to perform the unmap operation.
 854
 855                        Platform Issues
 856
 857If you are just writing drivers for Linux and do not maintain
 858an architecture port for the kernel, you can safely skip down
 859to "Closing".
 860
 8611) Struct scatterlist requirements.
 862
 863   Don't invent the architecture specific struct scatterlist; just use
 864   <asm-generic/scatterlist.h>. You need to enable
 865   CONFIG_NEED_SG_DMA_LENGTH if the architecture supports IOMMUs
 866   (including software IOMMU).
 867
 8682) ARCH_DMA_MINALIGN
 869
 870   Architectures must ensure that kmalloc'ed buffer is
 871   DMA-safe. Drivers and subsystems depend on it. If an architecture
 872   isn't fully DMA-coherent (i.e. hardware doesn't ensure that data in
 873   the CPU cache is identical to data in main memory),
 874   ARCH_DMA_MINALIGN must be set so that the memory allocator
 875   makes sure that kmalloc'ed buffer doesn't share a cache line with
 876   the others. See arch/arm/include/asm/cache.h as an example.
 877
 878   Note that ARCH_DMA_MINALIGN is about DMA memory alignment
 879   constraints. You don't need to worry about the architecture data
 880   alignment constraints (e.g. the alignment constraints about 64-bit
 881   objects).
 882
 8833) Supporting multiple types of IOMMUs
 884
 885   If your architecture needs to support multiple types of IOMMUs, you
 886   can use include/linux/asm-generic/dma-mapping-common.h. It's a
 887   library to support the DMA API with multiple types of IOMMUs. Lots
 888   of architectures (x86, powerpc, sh, alpha, ia64, microblaze and
 889   sparc) use it. Choose one to see how it can be used. If you need to
 890   support multiple types of IOMMUs in a single system, the example of
 891   x86 or powerpc helps.
 892
 893                           Closing
 894
 895This document, and the API itself, would not be in its current
 896form without the feedback and suggestions from numerous individuals.
 897We would like to specifically mention, in no particular order, the
 898following people:
 899
 900        Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
 901        Leo Dagum <dagum@barrel.engr.sgi.com>
 902        Ralf Baechle <ralf@oss.sgi.com>
 903        Grant Grundler <grundler@cup.hp.com>
 904        Jay Estabrook <Jay.Estabrook@compaq.com>
 905        Thomas Sailer <sailer@ife.ee.ethz.ch>
 906        Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
 907        Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
 908        David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
 909