/******************************************************************************
 * emulate.c
 *
 * Generic x86 (32-bit and 64-bit) instruction decoder and emulator.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2005 Keir Fraser
 *
 * Linux coding style, mod r/m decoder, segment base fixes, real-mode
 * privileged instructions:
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Qumranet
 * Copyright 2010 Red Hat, Inc. and/or its affiliates.
 *
 *   Avi Kivity <avi@qumranet.com>
 *   Yaniv Kamay <yaniv@qumranet.com>
 *
 * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.  See
 * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
 *
 * From: xen-unstable 10676:af9809f51f81a3c43f276f00c81a52ef558afda4
 */

#include <linux/kvm_host.h>
#include "kvm_cache_regs.h"
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <asm/kvm_emulate.h>
#include <linux/stringify.h>

#include "x86.h"
#include "tss.h"

/*
 * Operand types
 */
#define OpNone             0ull
#define OpImplicit         1ull  /* No generic decode */
#define OpReg              2ull  /* Register */
#define OpMem              3ull  /* Memory */
#define OpAcc              4ull  /* Accumulator: AL/AX/EAX/RAX */
#define OpDI               5ull  /* ES:DI/EDI/RDI */
#define OpMem64            6ull  /* Memory, 64-bit */
#define OpImmUByte         7ull  /* Zero-extended 8-bit immediate */
#define OpDX               8ull  /* DX register */
#define OpCL               9ull  /* CL register (for shifts) */
#define OpImmByte         10ull  /* 8-bit sign extended immediate */
#define OpOne             11ull  /* Implied 1 */
#define OpImm             12ull  /* Sign extended up to 32-bit immediate */
#define OpMem16           13ull  /* Memory operand (16-bit). */
#define OpMem32           14ull  /* Memory operand (32-bit). */
#define OpImmU            15ull  /* Immediate operand, zero extended */
#define OpSI              16ull  /* SI/ESI/RSI */
#define OpImmFAddr        17ull  /* Immediate far address */
#define OpMemFAddr        18ull  /* Far address in memory */
#define OpImmU16          19ull  /* Immediate operand, 16 bits, zero extended */
#define OpES              20ull  /* ES */
#define OpCS              21ull  /* CS */
#define OpSS              22ull  /* SS */
#define OpDS              23ull  /* DS */
#define OpFS              24ull  /* FS */
#define OpGS              25ull  /* GS */
#define OpMem8            26ull  /* 8-bit zero extended memory operand */
#define OpImm64           27ull  /* Sign extended 16/32/64-bit immediate */
#define OpXLat            28ull  /* memory at BX/EBX/RBX + zero-extended AL */
#define OpAccLo           29ull  /* Low part of extended acc (AX/AX/EAX/RAX) */
#define OpAccHi           30ull  /* High part of extended acc (-/DX/EDX/RDX) */

#define OpBits             5  /* Width of operand field */
#define OpMask             ((1ull << OpBits) - 1)

/*
 * Opcode effective-address decode tables.
 * Note that we only emulate instructions that have at least one memory
 * operand (excluding implicit stack references). We assume that stack
 * references and instruction fetches will never occur in special memory
 * areas that require emulation. So, for example, 'mov <imm>,<reg>' need
 * not be handled.
 */

/* Operand sizes: 8-bit operands or specified/overridden size. */
#define ByteOp      (1<<0)      /* 8-bit operands. */
/* Destination operand type. */
#define DstShift    1
#define ImplicitOps (OpImplicit << DstShift)
#define DstReg      (OpReg << DstShift)
#define DstMem      (OpMem << DstShift)
#define DstAcc      (OpAcc << DstShift)
#define DstDI       (OpDI << DstShift)
#define DstMem64    (OpMem64 << DstShift)
#define DstImmUByte (OpImmUByte << DstShift)
#define DstDX       (OpDX << DstShift)
#define DstAccLo    (OpAccLo << DstShift)
#define DstMask     (OpMask << DstShift)
/* Source operand type. */
#define SrcShift    6
#define SrcNone     (OpNone << SrcShift)
#define SrcReg      (OpReg << SrcShift)
#define SrcMem      (OpMem << SrcShift)
#define SrcMem16    (OpMem16 << SrcShift)
#define SrcMem32    (OpMem32 << SrcShift)
#define SrcImm      (OpImm << SrcShift)
#define SrcImmByte  (OpImmByte << SrcShift)
#define SrcOne      (OpOne << SrcShift)
#define SrcImmUByte (OpImmUByte << SrcShift)
#define SrcImmU     (OpImmU << SrcShift)
#define SrcSI       (OpSI << SrcShift)
#define SrcXLat     (OpXLat << SrcShift)
#define SrcImmFAddr (OpImmFAddr << SrcShift)
#define SrcMemFAddr (OpMemFAddr << SrcShift)
#define SrcAcc      (OpAcc << SrcShift)
#define SrcImmU16   (OpImmU16 << SrcShift)
#define SrcImm64    (OpImm64 << SrcShift)
#define SrcDX       (OpDX << SrcShift)
#define SrcMem8     (OpMem8 << SrcShift)
#define SrcAccHi    (OpAccHi << SrcShift)
#define SrcMask     (OpMask << SrcShift)
#define BitOp       (1<<11)
#define MemAbs      (1<<12)      /* Memory operand is absolute displacement */
#define String      (1<<13)     /* String instruction (rep capable) */
#define Stack       (1<<14)     /* Stack instruction (push/pop) */
#define GroupMask   (7<<15)     /* Opcode uses one of the group mechanisms */
#define Group       (1<<15)     /* Bits 3:5 of modrm byte extend opcode */
#define GroupDual   (2<<15)     /* Alternate decoding of mod == 3 */
#define Prefix      (3<<15)     /* Instruction varies with 66/f2/f3 prefix */
#define RMExt       (4<<15)     /* Opcode extension in ModRM r/m if mod == 3 */
#define Escape      (5<<15)     /* Escape to coprocessor instruction */
#define Sse         (1<<18)     /* SSE Vector instruction */
/* Generic ModRM decode. */
#define ModRM       (1<<19)
/* Destination is only written; never read. */
#define Mov         (1<<20)
/* Misc flags */
#define Prot        (1<<21) /* instruction generates #UD if not in prot-mode */
#define VendorSpecific (1<<22) /* Vendor specific instruction */
#define NoAccess    (1<<23) /* Don't access memory (lea/invlpg/verr etc) */
#define Op3264      (1<<24) /* Operand is 64b in long mode, 32b otherwise */
#define Undefined   (1<<25) /* No Such Instruction */
#define Lock        (1<<26) /* lock prefix is allowed for the instruction */
#define Priv        (1<<27) /* instruction generates #GP if current CPL != 0 */
#define No64        (1<<28)
#define PageTable   (1 << 29)   /* instruction used to write page table */
#define NotImpl     (1 << 30)   /* instruction is not implemented */
/* Source 2 operand type */
#define Src2Shift   (31)
#define Src2None    (OpNone << Src2Shift)
#define Src2Mem     (OpMem << Src2Shift)
#define Src2CL      (OpCL << Src2Shift)
#define Src2ImmByte (OpImmByte << Src2Shift)
#define Src2One     (OpOne << Src2Shift)
#define Src2Imm     (OpImm << Src2Shift)
#define Src2ES      (OpES << Src2Shift)
#define Src2CS      (OpCS << Src2Shift)
#define Src2SS      (OpSS << Src2Shift)
#define Src2DS      (OpDS << Src2Shift)
#define Src2FS      (OpFS << Src2Shift)
#define Src2GS      (OpGS << Src2Shift)
#define Src2Mask    (OpMask << Src2Shift)
#define Mmx         ((u64)1 << 40)  /* MMX Vector instruction */
#define Aligned     ((u64)1 << 41)  /* Explicitly aligned (e.g. MOVDQA) */
#define Unaligned   ((u64)1 << 42)  /* Explicitly unaligned (e.g. MOVDQU) */
#define Avx         ((u64)1 << 43)  /* Advanced Vector Extensions */
#define Fastop      ((u64)1 << 44)  /* Use opcode::u.fastop */
#define NoWrite     ((u64)1 << 45)  /* No writeback */
#define SrcWrite    ((u64)1 << 46)  /* Write back src operand */

#define DstXacc     (DstAccLo | SrcAccHi | SrcWrite)

#define X2(x...) x, x
#define X3(x...) X2(x), x
#define X4(x...) X2(x), X2(x)
#define X5(x...) X4(x), x
#define X6(x...) X4(x), X2(x)
#define X7(x...) X4(x), X3(x)
#define X8(x...) X4(x), X4(x)
#define X16(x...) X8(x), X8(x)

#define NR_FASTOP (ilog2(sizeof(ulong)) + 1)
#define FASTOP_SIZE 8

/*
 * fastop functions have a special calling convention:
 *
 * dst:    rax        (in/out)
 * src:    rdx        (in/out)
 * src2:   rcx        (in)
 * flags:  rflags     (in/out)
 * ex:     rsi        (in:fastop pointer, out:zero if exception)
 *
 * Moreover, they are all exactly FASTOP_SIZE bytes long, so functions for
 * different operand sizes can be reached by calculation, rather than a jump
 * table (which would be bigger than the code).
 *
 * fastop functions are declared as taking a never-defined fastop parameter,
 * so they can't be called from C directly.
 */

struct fastop;

struct opcode {
        u64 flags : 56;
        u64 intercept : 8;
        union {
                int (*execute)(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt);
                const struct opcode *group;
                const struct group_dual *gdual;
                const struct gprefix *gprefix;
                const struct escape *esc;
                void (*fastop)(struct fastop *fake);
        } u;
        int (*check_perm)(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt);
};

struct group_dual {
        struct opcode mod012[8];
        struct opcode mod3[8];
};

struct gprefix {
        struct opcode pfx_no;
        struct opcode pfx_66;
        struct opcode pfx_f2;
        struct opcode pfx_f3;
};

struct escape {
        struct opcode op[8];
        struct opcode high[64];
};

/* EFLAGS bit definitions. */
#define EFLG_ID (1<<21)
#define EFLG_VIP (1<<20)
#define EFLG_VIF (1<<19)
#define EFLG_AC (1<<18)
#define EFLG_VM (1<<17)
#define EFLG_RF (1<<16)
#define EFLG_IOPL (3<<12)
#define EFLG_NT (1<<14)
#define EFLG_OF (1<<11)
#define EFLG_DF (1<<10)
#define EFLG_IF (1<<9)
#define EFLG_TF (1<<8)
#define EFLG_SF (1<<7)
#define EFLG_ZF (1<<6)
#define EFLG_AF (1<<4)
#define EFLG_PF (1<<2)
#define EFLG_CF (1<<0)

#define EFLG_RESERVED_ZEROS_MASK 0xffc0802a
#define EFLG_RESERVED_ONE_MASK 2

static ulong reg_read(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned nr)
{
        if (!(ctxt->regs_valid & (1 << nr))) {
                ctxt->regs_valid |= 1 << nr;
                ctxt->_regs[nr] = ctxt->ops->read_gpr(ctxt, nr);
        }
        return ctxt->_regs[nr];
}

static ulong *reg_write(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned nr)
{
        ctxt->regs_valid |= 1 << nr;
        ctxt->regs_dirty |= 1 << nr;
        return &ctxt->_regs[nr];
}

static ulong *reg_rmw(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned nr)
{
        reg_read(ctxt, nr);
        return reg_write(ctxt, nr);
}

static void writeback_registers(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        unsigned reg;

        for_each_set_bit(reg, (ulong *)&ctxt->regs_dirty, 16)
                ctxt->ops->write_gpr(ctxt, reg, ctxt->_regs[reg]);
}

static void invalidate_registers(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        ctxt->regs_dirty = 0;
        ctxt->regs_valid = 0;
}

/*
 * These EFLAGS bits are restored from saved value during emulation, and
 * any changes are written back to the saved value after emulation.
 */
#define EFLAGS_MASK (EFLG_OF|EFLG_SF|EFLG_ZF|EFLG_AF|EFLG_PF|EFLG_CF)

#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
#define ON64(x) x
#else
#define ON64(x)
#endif

static int fastop(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, void (*fop)(struct fastop *));

#define FOP_ALIGN ".align " __stringify(FASTOP_SIZE) " \n\t"
#define FOP_RET   "ret \n\t"

#define FOP_START(op) \
        extern void em_##op(struct fastop *fake); \
        asm(".pushsection .text, \"ax\" \n\t" \
            ".global em_" #op " \n\t" \
            FOP_ALIGN \
            "em_" #op ": \n\t"

#define FOP_END \
            ".popsection")

#define FOPNOP() FOP_ALIGN FOP_RET

#define FOP1E(op,  dst) \
        FOP_ALIGN "10: " #op " %" #dst " \n\t" FOP_RET

#define FOP1EEX(op,  dst) \
        FOP1E(op, dst) _ASM_EXTABLE(10b, kvm_fastop_exception)

#define FASTOP1(op) \
        FOP_START(op) \
        FOP1E(op##b, al) \
        FOP1E(op##w, ax) \
        FOP1E(op##l, eax) \
        ON64(FOP1E(op##q, rax)) \
        FOP_END

/* 1-operand, using src2 (for MUL/DIV r/m) */
#define FASTOP1SRC2(op, name) \
        FOP_START(name) \
        FOP1E(op, cl) \
        FOP1E(op, cx) \
        FOP1E(op, ecx) \
        ON64(FOP1E(op, rcx)) \
        FOP_END

/* 1-operand, using src2 (for MUL/DIV r/m), with exceptions */
#define FASTOP1SRC2EX(op, name) \
        FOP_START(name) \
        FOP1EEX(op, cl) \
        FOP1EEX(op, cx) \
        FOP1EEX(op, ecx) \
        ON64(FOP1EEX(op, rcx)) \
        FOP_END

#define FOP2E(op,  dst, src)       \
        FOP_ALIGN #op " %" #src ", %" #dst " \n\t" FOP_RET

#define FASTOP2(op) \
        FOP_START(op) \
        FOP2E(op##b, al, dl) \
        FOP2E(op##w, ax, dx) \
        FOP2E(op##l, eax, edx) \
        ON64(FOP2E(op##q, rax, rdx)) \
        FOP_END

/* 2 operand, word only */
#define FASTOP2W(op) \
        FOP_START(op) \
        FOPNOP() \
        FOP2E(op##w, ax, dx) \
        FOP2E(op##l, eax, edx) \
        ON64(FOP2E(op##q, rax, rdx)) \
        FOP_END

/* 2 operand, src is CL */
#define FASTOP2CL(op) \
        FOP_START(op) \
        FOP2E(op##b, al, cl) \
        FOP2E(op##w, ax, cl) \
        FOP2E(op##l, eax, cl) \
        ON64(FOP2E(op##q, rax, cl)) \
        FOP_END

#define FOP3E(op,  dst, src, src2) \
        FOP_ALIGN #op " %" #src2 ", %" #src ", %" #dst " \n\t" FOP_RET

/* 3-operand, word-only, src2=cl */
#define FASTOP3WCL(op) \
        FOP_START(op) \
        FOPNOP() \
        FOP3E(op##w, ax, dx, cl) \
        FOP3E(op##l, eax, edx, cl) \
        ON64(FOP3E(op##q, rax, rdx, cl)) \
        FOP_END

/* Special case for SETcc - 1 instruction per cc */
#define FOP_SETCC(op) ".align 4; " #op " %al; ret \n\t"

asm(".global kvm_fastop_exception \n"
    "kvm_fastop_exception: xor %esi, %esi; ret");

FOP_START(setcc)
FOP_SETCC(seto)
FOP_SETCC(setno)
FOP_SETCC(setc)
FOP_SETCC(setnc)
FOP_SETCC(setz)
FOP_SETCC(setnz)
FOP_SETCC(setbe)
FOP_SETCC(setnbe)
FOP_SETCC(sets)
FOP_SETCC(setns)
FOP_SETCC(setp)
FOP_SETCC(setnp)
FOP_SETCC(setl)
FOP_SETCC(setnl)
FOP_SETCC(setle)
FOP_SETCC(setnle)
FOP_END;

FOP_START(salc) "pushf; sbb %al, %al; popf \n\t" FOP_RET
FOP_END;

static int emulator_check_intercept(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                    enum x86_intercept intercept,
                                    enum x86_intercept_stage stage)
{
        struct x86_instruction_info info = {
                .intercept  = intercept,
                .rep_prefix = ctxt->rep_prefix,
                .modrm_mod  = ctxt->modrm_mod,
                .modrm_reg  = ctxt->modrm_reg,
                .modrm_rm   = ctxt->modrm_rm,
                .src_val    = ctxt->src.val64,
                .src_bytes  = ctxt->src.bytes,
                .dst_bytes  = ctxt->dst.bytes,
                .ad_bytes   = ctxt->ad_bytes,
                .next_rip   = ctxt->eip,
        };

        return ctxt->ops->intercept(ctxt, &info, stage);
}

static void assign_masked(ulong *dest, ulong src, ulong mask)
{
        *dest = (*dest & ~mask) | (src & mask);
}

static inline unsigned long ad_mask(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        return (1UL << (ctxt->ad_bytes << 3)) - 1;
}

static ulong stack_mask(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u16 sel;
        struct desc_struct ss;

        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64)
                return ~0UL;
        ctxt->ops->get_segment(ctxt, &sel, &ss, NULL, VCPU_SREG_SS);
        return ~0U >> ((ss.d ^ 1) * 16);  /* d=0: 0xffff; d=1: 0xffffffff */
}

static int stack_size(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        return (__fls(stack_mask(ctxt)) + 1) >> 3;
}

/* Access/update address held in a register, based on addressing mode. */
static inline unsigned long
address_mask(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned long reg)
{
        if (ctxt->ad_bytes == sizeof(unsigned long))
                return reg;
        else
                return reg & ad_mask(ctxt);
}

static inline unsigned long
register_address(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned long reg)
{
        return address_mask(ctxt, reg);
}

static void masked_increment(ulong *reg, ulong mask, int inc)
{
        assign_masked(reg, *reg + inc, mask);
}

static inline void
register_address_increment(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned long *reg, int inc)
{
        ulong mask;

        if (ctxt->ad_bytes == sizeof(unsigned long))
                mask = ~0UL;
        else
                mask = ad_mask(ctxt);
        masked_increment(reg, mask, inc);
}

static void rsp_increment(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int inc)
{
        masked_increment(reg_rmw(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP), stack_mask(ctxt), inc);
}

static inline void jmp_rel(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int rel)
{
        register_address_increment(ctxt, &ctxt->_eip, rel);
}

static u32 desc_limit_scaled(struct desc_struct *desc)
{
        u32 limit = get_desc_limit(desc);

        return desc->g ? (limit << 12) | 0xfff : limit;
}

static void set_seg_override(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int seg)
{
        ctxt->has_seg_override = true;
        ctxt->seg_override = seg;
}

static unsigned long seg_base(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int seg)
{
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64 && seg < VCPU_SREG_FS)
                return 0;

        return ctxt->ops->get_cached_segment_base(ctxt, seg);
}

static unsigned seg_override(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        if (!ctxt->has_seg_override)
                return 0;

        return ctxt->seg_override;
}

static int emulate_exception(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int vec,
                             u32 error, bool valid)
{
        ctxt->exception.vector = vec;
        ctxt->exception.error_code = error;
        ctxt->exception.error_code_valid = valid;
        return X86EMUL_PROPAGATE_FAULT;
}

static int emulate_db(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        return emulate_exception(ctxt, DB_VECTOR, 0, false);
}

static int emulate_gp(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int err)
{
        return emulate_exception(ctxt, GP_VECTOR, err, true);
}

static int emulate_ss(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int err)
{
        return emulate_exception(ctxt, SS_VECTOR, err, true);
}

static int emulate_ud(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        return emulate_exception(ctxt, UD_VECTOR, 0, false);
}

static int emulate_ts(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int err)
{
        return emulate_exception(ctxt, TS_VECTOR, err, true);
}

static int emulate_de(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        return emulate_exception(ctxt, DE_VECTOR, 0, false);
}

static int emulate_nm(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        return emulate_exception(ctxt, NM_VECTOR, 0, false);
}

static u16 get_segment_selector(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned seg)
{
        u16 selector;
        struct desc_struct desc;

        ctxt->ops->get_segment(ctxt, &selector, &desc, NULL, seg);
        return selector;
}

static void set_segment_selector(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, u16 selector,
                                 unsigned seg)
{
        u16 dummy;
        u32 base3;
        struct desc_struct desc;

        ctxt->ops->get_segment(ctxt, &dummy, &desc, &base3, seg);
        ctxt->ops->set_segment(ctxt, selector, &desc, base3, seg);
}

/*
 * x86 defines three classes of vector instructions: explicitly
 * aligned, explicitly unaligned, and the rest, which change behaviour
 * depending on whether they're AVX encoded or not.
 *
 * Also included is CMPXCHG16B which is not a vector instruction, yet it is
 * subject to the same check.
 */
static bool insn_aligned(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, unsigned size)
{
        if (likely(size < 16))
                return false;

        if (ctxt->d & Aligned)
                return true;
        else if (ctxt->d & Unaligned)
                return false;
        else if (ctxt->d & Avx)
                return false;
        else
                return true;
}

static int __linearize(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                     struct segmented_address addr,
                     unsigned size, bool write, bool fetch,
                     ulong *linear)
{
        struct desc_struct desc;
        bool usable;
        ulong la;
        u32 lim;
        u16 sel;
        unsigned cpl;

        la = seg_base(ctxt, addr.seg) + addr.ea;
        switch (ctxt->mode) {
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64:
                if (((signed long)la << 16) >> 16 != la)
                        return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
                break;
        default:
                usable = ctxt->ops->get_segment(ctxt, &sel, &desc, NULL,
                                                addr.seg);
                if (!usable)
                        goto bad;
                /* code segment in protected mode or read-only data segment */
                if ((((ctxt->mode != X86EMUL_MODE_REAL) && (desc.type & 8))
                                        || !(desc.type & 2)) && write)
                        goto bad;
                /* unreadable code segment */
                if (!fetch && (desc.type & 8) && !(desc.type & 2))
                        goto bad;
                lim = desc_limit_scaled(&desc);
                if ((desc.type & 8) || !(desc.type & 4)) {
                        /* expand-up segment */
                        if (addr.ea > lim || (u32)(addr.ea + size - 1) > lim)
                                goto bad;
                } else {
                        /* expand-down segment */
                        if (addr.ea <= lim || (u32)(addr.ea + size - 1) <= lim)
                                goto bad;
                        lim = desc.d ? 0xffffffff : 0xffff;
                        if (addr.ea > lim || (u32)(addr.ea + size - 1) > lim)
                                goto bad;
                }
                cpl = ctxt->ops->cpl(ctxt);
                if (!(desc.type & 8)) {
                        /* data segment */
                        if (cpl > desc.dpl)
                                goto bad;
                } else if ((desc.type & 8) && !(desc.type & 4)) {
                        /* nonconforming code segment */
                        if (cpl != desc.dpl)
                                goto bad;
                } else if ((desc.type & 8) && (desc.type & 4)) {
                        /* conforming code segment */
                        if (cpl < desc.dpl)
                                goto bad;
                }
                break;
        }
        if (fetch ? ctxt->mode != X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64 : ctxt->ad_bytes != 8)
                la &= (u32)-1;
        if (insn_aligned(ctxt, size) && ((la & (size - 1)) != 0))
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
        *linear = la;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
bad:
        if (addr.seg == VCPU_SREG_SS)
                return emulate_ss(ctxt, sel);
        else
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, sel);
}

static int linearize(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                     struct segmented_address addr,
                     unsigned size, bool write,
                     ulong *linear)
{
        return __linearize(ctxt, addr, size, write, false, linear);
}


static int segmented_read_std(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                              struct segmented_address addr,
                              void *data,
                              unsigned size)
{
        int rc;
        ulong linear;

        rc = linearize(ctxt, addr, size, false, &linear);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        return ctxt->ops->read_std(ctxt, linear, data, size, &ctxt->exception);
}

/*
 * Fetch the next byte of the instruction being emulated which is pointed to
 * by ctxt->_eip, then increment ctxt->_eip.
 *
 * Also prefetch the remaining bytes of the instruction without crossing page
 * boundary if they are not in fetch_cache yet.
 */
static int do_insn_fetch_byte(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, u8 *dest)
{
        struct fetch_cache *fc = &ctxt->fetch;
        int rc;
        int size, cur_size;

        if (ctxt->_eip == fc->end) {
                unsigned long linear;
                struct segmented_address addr = { .seg = VCPU_SREG_CS,
                                                  .ea  = ctxt->_eip };
                cur_size = fc->end - fc->start;
                size = min(15UL - cur_size,
                           PAGE_SIZE - offset_in_page(ctxt->_eip));
                rc = __linearize(ctxt, addr, size, false, true, &linear);
                if (unlikely(rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE))
                        return rc;
                rc = ctxt->ops->fetch(ctxt, linear, fc->data + cur_size,
                                      size, &ctxt->exception);
                if (unlikely(rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE))
                        return rc;
                fc->end += size;
        }
        *dest = fc->data[ctxt->_eip - fc->start];
        ctxt->_eip++;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int do_insn_fetch(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                         void *dest, unsigned size)
{
        int rc;

        /* x86 instructions are limited to 15 bytes. */
        if (unlikely(ctxt->_eip + size - ctxt->eip > 15))
                return X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
        while (size--) {
                rc = do_insn_fetch_byte(ctxt, dest++);
                if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        return rc;
        }
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

/* Fetch next part of the instruction being emulated. */
#define insn_fetch(_type, _ctxt)                                        \
({      unsigned long _x;                                               \
        rc = do_insn_fetch(_ctxt, &_x, sizeof(_type));                  \
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)                                     \
                goto done;                                              \
        (_type)_x;                                                      \
})

#define insn_fetch_arr(_arr, _size, _ctxt)                              \
({      rc = do_insn_fetch(_ctxt, _arr, (_size));                       \
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)                                     \
                goto done;                                              \
})

/*
 * Given the 'reg' portion of a ModRM byte, and a register block, return a
 * pointer into the block that addresses the relevant register.
 * @highbyte_regs specifies whether to decode AH,CH,DH,BH.
 */
static void *decode_register(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, u8 modrm_reg,
                             int highbyte_regs)
{
        void *p;

        if (highbyte_regs && modrm_reg >= 4 && modrm_reg < 8)
                p = (unsigned char *)reg_rmw(ctxt, modrm_reg & 3) + 1;
        else
                p = reg_rmw(ctxt, modrm_reg);
        return p;
}

static int read_descriptor(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                           struct segmented_address addr,
                           u16 *size, unsigned long *address, int op_bytes)
{
        int rc;

        if (op_bytes == 2)
                op_bytes = 3;
        *address = 0;
        rc = segmented_read_std(ctxt, addr, size, 2);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        addr.ea += 2;
        rc = segmented_read_std(ctxt, addr, address, op_bytes);
        return rc;
}

FASTOP2(add);
FASTOP2(or);
FASTOP2(adc);
FASTOP2(sbb);
FASTOP2(and);
FASTOP2(sub);
FASTOP2(xor);
FASTOP2(cmp);
FASTOP2(test);

FASTOP1SRC2(mul, mul_ex);
FASTOP1SRC2(imul, imul_ex);
FASTOP1SRC2EX(div, div_ex);
FASTOP1SRC2EX(idiv, idiv_ex);

FASTOP3WCL(shld);
FASTOP3WCL(shrd);

FASTOP2W(imul);

FASTOP1(not);
FASTOP1(neg);
FASTOP1(inc);
FASTOP1(dec);

FASTOP2CL(rol);
FASTOP2CL(ror);
FASTOP2CL(rcl);
FASTOP2CL(rcr);
FASTOP2CL(shl);
FASTOP2CL(shr);
FASTOP2CL(sar);

FASTOP2W(bsf);
FASTOP2W(bsr);
FASTOP2W(bt);
FASTOP2W(bts);
FASTOP2W(btr);
FASTOP2W(btc);

FASTOP2(xadd);

static u8 test_cc(unsigned int condition, unsigned long flags)
{
        u8 rc;
        void (*fop)(void) = (void *)em_setcc + 4 * (condition & 0xf);

        flags = (flags & EFLAGS_MASK) | X86_EFLAGS_IF;
        asm("push %[flags]; popf; call *%[fastop]"
            : "=a"(rc) : [fastop]"r"(fop), [flags]"r"(flags));
        return rc;
}

static void fetch_register_operand(struct operand *op)
{
        switch (op->bytes) {
        case 1:
                op->val = *(u8 *)op->addr.reg;
                break;
        case 2:
                op->val = *(u16 *)op->addr.reg;
                break;
        case 4:
                op->val = *(u32 *)op->addr.reg;
                break;
        case 8:
                op->val = *(u64 *)op->addr.reg;
                break;
        }
}

static void read_sse_reg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, sse128_t *data, int reg)
{
        ctxt->ops->get_fpu(ctxt);
        switch (reg) {
        case 0: asm("movdqa %%xmm0, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 1: asm("movdqa %%xmm1, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 2: asm("movdqa %%xmm2, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 3: asm("movdqa %%xmm3, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 4: asm("movdqa %%xmm4, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 5: asm("movdqa %%xmm5, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 6: asm("movdqa %%xmm6, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 7: asm("movdqa %%xmm7, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
        case 8: asm("movdqa %%xmm8, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 9: asm("movdqa %%xmm9, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 10: asm("movdqa %%xmm10, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 11: asm("movdqa %%xmm11, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 12: asm("movdqa %%xmm12, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 13: asm("movdqa %%xmm13, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 14: asm("movdqa %%xmm14, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 15: asm("movdqa %%xmm15, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
#endif
        default: BUG();
        }
        ctxt->ops->put_fpu(ctxt);
}

static void write_sse_reg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, sse128_t *data,
                          int reg)
{
        ctxt->ops->get_fpu(ctxt);
        switch (reg) {
        case 0: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm0" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 1: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm1" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 2: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm2" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 3: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm3" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 4: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm4" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 5: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm5" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 6: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm6" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 7: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm7" : : "m"(*data)); break;
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
        case 8: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm8" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 9: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm9" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 10: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm10" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 11: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm11" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 12: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm12" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 13: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm13" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 14: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm14" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 15: asm("movdqa %0, %%xmm15" : : "m"(*data)); break;
#endif
        default: BUG();
        }
        ctxt->ops->put_fpu(ctxt);
}

static void read_mmx_reg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, u64 *data, int reg)
{
        ctxt->ops->get_fpu(ctxt);
        switch (reg) {
        case 0: asm("movq %%mm0, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 1: asm("movq %%mm1, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 2: asm("movq %%mm2, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 3: asm("movq %%mm3, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 4: asm("movq %%mm4, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 5: asm("movq %%mm5, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 6: asm("movq %%mm6, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        case 7: asm("movq %%mm7, %0" : "=m"(*data)); break;
        default: BUG();
        }
        ctxt->ops->put_fpu(ctxt);
}

static void write_mmx_reg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, u64 *data, int reg)
{
        ctxt->ops->get_fpu(ctxt);
        switch (reg) {
        case 0: asm("movq %0, %%mm0" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 1: asm("movq %0, %%mm1" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 2: asm("movq %0, %%mm2" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 3: asm("movq %0, %%mm3" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 4: asm("movq %0, %%mm4" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 5: asm("movq %0, %%mm5" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 6: asm("movq %0, %%mm6" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        case 7: asm("movq %0, %%mm7" : : "m"(*data)); break;
        default: BUG();
        }
        ctxt->ops->put_fpu(ctxt);
}

static int em_fninit(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        if (ctxt->ops->get_cr(ctxt, 0) & (X86_CR0_TS | X86_CR0_EM))
                return emulate_nm(ctxt);

        ctxt->ops->get_fpu(ctxt);
        asm volatile("fninit");
        ctxt->ops->put_fpu(ctxt);
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_fnstcw(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u16 fcw;

        if (ctxt->ops->get_cr(ctxt, 0) & (X86_CR0_TS | X86_CR0_EM))
                return emulate_nm(ctxt);

        ctxt->ops->get_fpu(ctxt);
        asm volatile("fnstcw %0": "+m"(fcw));
        ctxt->ops->put_fpu(ctxt);

        /* force 2 byte destination */
        ctxt->dst.bytes = 2;
        ctxt->dst.val = fcw;

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_fnstsw(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u16 fsw;

        if (ctxt->ops->get_cr(ctxt, 0) & (X86_CR0_TS | X86_CR0_EM))
                return emulate_nm(ctxt);

        ctxt->ops->get_fpu(ctxt);
        asm volatile("fnstsw %0": "+m"(fsw));
        ctxt->ops->put_fpu(ctxt);

        /* force 2 byte destination */
        ctxt->dst.bytes = 2;
        ctxt->dst.val = fsw;

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static void decode_register_operand(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                    struct operand *op)
{
        unsigned reg = ctxt->modrm_reg;
        int highbyte_regs = ctxt->rex_prefix == 0;

        if (!(ctxt->d & ModRM))
                reg = (ctxt->b & 7) | ((ctxt->rex_prefix & 1) << 3);

        if (ctxt->d & Sse) {
                op->type = OP_XMM;
                op->bytes = 16;
                op->addr.xmm = reg;
                read_sse_reg(ctxt, &op->vec_val, reg);
                return;
        }
        if (ctxt->d & Mmx) {
                reg &= 7;
                op->type = OP_MM;
                op->bytes = 8;
                op->addr.mm = reg;
                return;
        }

        op->type = OP_REG;
        if (ctxt->d & ByteOp) {
                op->addr.reg = decode_register(ctxt, reg, highbyte_regs);
                op->bytes = 1;
        } else {
                op->addr.reg = decode_register(ctxt, reg, 0);
                op->bytes = ctxt->op_bytes;
        }
        fetch_register_operand(op);
        op->orig_val = op->val;
}

static void adjust_modrm_seg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int base_reg)
{
        if (base_reg == VCPU_REGS_RSP || base_reg == VCPU_REGS_RBP)
                ctxt->modrm_seg = VCPU_SREG_SS;
}

static int decode_modrm(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                        struct operand *op)
{
        u8 sib;
        int index_reg = 0, base_reg = 0, scale;
        int rc = X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
        ulong modrm_ea = 0;

        if (ctxt->rex_prefix) {
                ctxt->modrm_reg = (ctxt->rex_prefix & 4) << 1;  /* REX.R */
                index_reg = (ctxt->rex_prefix & 2) << 2; /* REX.X */
                ctxt->modrm_rm = base_reg = (ctxt->rex_prefix & 1) << 3; /* REG.B */
        }

        ctxt->modrm_mod |= (ctxt->modrm & 0xc0) >> 6;
        ctxt->modrm_reg |= (ctxt->modrm & 0x38) >> 3;
        ctxt->modrm_rm |= (ctxt->modrm & 0x07);
        ctxt->modrm_seg = VCPU_SREG_DS;

        if (ctxt->modrm_mod == 3) {
                int highbyte_regs = ctxt->rex_prefix == 0;

                op->type = OP_REG;
                op->bytes = (ctxt->d & ByteOp) ? 1 : ctxt->op_bytes;
                op->addr.reg = decode_register(ctxt, ctxt->modrm_rm,
                                               highbyte_regs && (ctxt->d & ByteOp));
                if (ctxt->d & Sse) {
                        op->type = OP_XMM;
                        op->bytes = 16;
                        op->addr.xmm = ctxt->modrm_rm;
                        read_sse_reg(ctxt, &op->vec_val, ctxt->modrm_rm);
                        return rc;
                }
                if (ctxt->d & Mmx) {
                        op->type = OP_MM;
                        op->bytes = 8;
                        op->addr.xmm = ctxt->modrm_rm & 7;
                        return rc;
                }
                fetch_register_operand(op);
                return rc;
        }

        op->type = OP_MEM;

        if (ctxt->ad_bytes == 2) {
                unsigned bx = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBX);
                unsigned bp = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP);
                unsigned si = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSI);
                unsigned di = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDI);

                /* 16-bit ModR/M decode. */
                switch (ctxt->modrm_mod) {
                case 0:
                        if (ctxt->modrm_rm == 6)
                                modrm_ea += insn_fetch(u16, ctxt);
                        break;
                case 1:
                        modrm_ea += insn_fetch(s8, ctxt);
                        break;
                case 2:
                        modrm_ea += insn_fetch(u16, ctxt);
                        break;
                }
                switch (ctxt->modrm_rm) {
                case 0:
                        modrm_ea += bx + si;
                        break;
                case 1:
                        modrm_ea += bx + di;
                        break;
                case 2:
                        modrm_ea += bp + si;
                        break;
                case 3:
                        modrm_ea += bp + di;
                        break;
                case 4:
                        modrm_ea += si;
                        break;
                case 5:
                        modrm_ea += di;
                        break;
                case 6:
                        if (ctxt->modrm_mod != 0)
                                modrm_ea += bp;
                        break;
                case 7:
                        modrm_ea += bx;
                        break;
                }
                if (ctxt->modrm_rm == 2 || ctxt->modrm_rm == 3 ||
                    (ctxt->modrm_rm == 6 && ctxt->modrm_mod != 0))
                        ctxt->modrm_seg = VCPU_SREG_SS;
                modrm_ea = (u16)modrm_ea;
        } else {
                /* 32/64-bit ModR/M decode. */
                if ((ctxt->modrm_rm & 7) == 4) {
                        sib = insn_fetch(u8, ctxt);
                        index_reg |= (sib >> 3) & 7;
                        base_reg |= sib & 7;
                        scale = sib >> 6;

                        if ((base_reg & 7) == 5 && ctxt->modrm_mod == 0)
                                modrm_ea += insn_fetch(s32, ctxt);
                        else {
                                modrm_ea += reg_read(ctxt, base_reg);
                                adjust_modrm_seg(ctxt, base_reg);
                        }
                        if (index_reg != 4)
                                modrm_ea += reg_read(ctxt, index_reg) << scale;
                } else if ((ctxt->modrm_rm & 7) == 5 && ctxt->modrm_mod == 0) {
                        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64)
                                ctxt->rip_relative = 1;
                } else {
                        base_reg = ctxt->modrm_rm;
                        modrm_ea += reg_read(ctxt, base_reg);
                        adjust_modrm_seg(ctxt, base_reg);
                }
                switch (ctxt->modrm_mod) {
                case 0:
                        if (ctxt->modrm_rm == 5)
                                modrm_ea += insn_fetch(s32, ctxt);
                        break;
                case 1:
                        modrm_ea += insn_fetch(s8, ctxt);
                        break;
                case 2:
                        modrm_ea += insn_fetch(s32, ctxt);
                        break;
                }
        }
        op->addr.mem.ea = modrm_ea;
done:
        return rc;
}

static int decode_abs(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                      struct operand *op)
{
        int rc = X86EMUL_CONTINUE;

        op->type = OP_MEM;
        switch (ctxt->ad_bytes) {
        case 2:
                op->addr.mem.ea = insn_fetch(u16, ctxt);
                break;
        case 4:
                op->addr.mem.ea = insn_fetch(u32, ctxt);
                break;
        case 8:
                op->addr.mem.ea = insn_fetch(u64, ctxt);
                break;
        }
done:
        return rc;
}

static void fetch_bit_operand(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        long sv = 0, mask;

        if (ctxt->dst.type == OP_MEM && ctxt->src.type == OP_REG) {
                mask = ~(ctxt->dst.bytes * 8 - 1);

                if (ctxt->src.bytes == 2)
                        sv = (s16)ctxt->src.val & (s16)mask;
                else if (ctxt->src.bytes == 4)
                        sv = (s32)ctxt->src.val & (s32)mask;

                ctxt->dst.addr.mem.ea += (sv >> 3);
        }

        /* only subword offset */
        ctxt->src.val &= (ctxt->dst.bytes << 3) - 1;
}

static int read_emulated(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                         unsigned long addr, void *dest, unsigned size)
{
        int rc;
        struct read_cache *mc = &ctxt->mem_read;

        if (mc->pos < mc->end)
                goto read_cached;

        WARN_ON((mc->end + size) >= sizeof(mc->data));

        rc = ctxt->ops->read_emulated(ctxt, addr, mc->data + mc->end, size,
                                      &ctxt->exception);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        mc->end += size;

read_cached:
        memcpy(dest, mc->data + mc->pos, size);
        mc->pos += size;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int segmented_read(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                          struct segmented_address addr,
                          void *data,
                          unsigned size)
{
        int rc;
        ulong linear;

        rc = linearize(ctxt, addr, size, false, &linear);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        return read_emulated(ctxt, linear, data, size);
}

static int segmented_write(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                           struct segmented_address addr,
                           const void *data,
                           unsigned size)
{
        int rc;
        ulong linear;

        rc = linearize(ctxt, addr, size, true, &linear);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        return ctxt->ops->write_emulated(ctxt, linear, data, size,
                                         &ctxt->exception);
}

static int segmented_cmpxchg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                             struct segmented_address addr,
                             const void *orig_data, const void *data,
                             unsigned size)
{
        int rc;
        ulong linear;

        rc = linearize(ctxt, addr, size, true, &linear);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        return ctxt->ops->cmpxchg_emulated(ctxt, linear, orig_data, data,
                                           size, &ctxt->exception);
}

static int pio_in_emulated(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                           unsigned int size, unsigned short port,
                           void *dest)
{
        struct read_cache *rc = &ctxt->io_read;

        if (rc->pos == rc->end) { /* refill pio read ahead */
                unsigned int in_page, n;
                unsigned int count = ctxt->rep_prefix ?
                        address_mask(ctxt, reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX)) : 1;
                in_page = (ctxt->eflags & EFLG_DF) ?
                        offset_in_page(reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDI)) :
                        PAGE_SIZE - offset_in_page(reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDI));
                n = min(min(in_page, (unsigned int)sizeof(rc->data)) / size,
                        count);
                if (n == 0)
                        n = 1;
                rc->pos = rc->end = 0;
                if (!ctxt->ops->pio_in_emulated(ctxt, size, port, rc->data, n))
                        return 0;
                rc->end = n * size;
        }

        if (ctxt->rep_prefix && !(ctxt->eflags & EFLG_DF)) {
                ctxt->dst.data = rc->data + rc->pos;
                ctxt->dst.type = OP_MEM_STR;
                ctxt->dst.count = (rc->end - rc->pos) / size;
                rc->pos = rc->end;
        } else {
                memcpy(dest, rc->data + rc->pos, size);
                rc->pos += size;
        }
        return 1;
}

static int read_interrupt_descriptor(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                     u16 index, struct desc_struct *desc)
{
        struct desc_ptr dt;
        ulong addr;

        ctxt->ops->get_idt(ctxt, &dt);

        if (dt.size < index * 8 + 7)
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, index << 3 | 0x2);

        addr = dt.address + index * 8;
        return ctxt->ops->read_std(ctxt, addr, desc, sizeof *desc,
                                   &ctxt->exception);
}

static void get_descriptor_table_ptr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                     u16 selector, struct desc_ptr *dt)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;

        if (selector & 1 << 2) {
                struct desc_struct desc;
                u16 sel;

                memset (dt, 0, sizeof *dt);
                if (!ops->get_segment(ctxt, &sel, &desc, NULL, VCPU_SREG_LDTR))
                        return;

                dt->size = desc_limit_scaled(&desc); /* what if limit > 65535? */
                dt->address = get_desc_base(&desc);
        } else
                ops->get_gdt(ctxt, dt);
}

/* allowed just for 8 bytes segments */
static int read_segment_descriptor(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                   u16 selector, struct desc_struct *desc,
                                   ulong *desc_addr_p)
{
        struct desc_ptr dt;
        u16 index = selector >> 3;
        ulong addr;

        get_descriptor_table_ptr(ctxt, selector, &dt);

        if (dt.size < index * 8 + 7)
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, selector & 0xfffc);

        *desc_addr_p = addr = dt.address + index * 8;
        return ctxt->ops->read_std(ctxt, addr, desc, sizeof *desc,
                                   &ctxt->exception);
}

/* allowed just for 8 bytes segments */
static int write_segment_descriptor(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                    u16 selector, struct desc_struct *desc)
{
        struct desc_ptr dt;
        u16 index = selector >> 3;
        ulong addr;

        get_descriptor_table_ptr(ctxt, selector, &dt);

        if (dt.size < index * 8 + 7)
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, selector & 0xfffc);

        addr = dt.address + index * 8;
        return ctxt->ops->write_std(ctxt, addr, desc, sizeof *desc,
                                    &ctxt->exception);
}

/* Does not support long mode */
static int load_segment_descriptor(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                   u16 selector, int seg)
{
        struct desc_struct seg_desc, old_desc;
        u8 dpl, rpl, cpl;
        unsigned err_vec = GP_VECTOR;
        u32 err_code = 0;
        bool null_selector = !(selector & ~0x3); /* 0000-0003 are null */
        ulong desc_addr;
        int ret;
        u16 dummy;

        memset(&seg_desc, 0, sizeof seg_desc);

        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_REAL) {
                /* set real mode segment descriptor (keep limit etc. for
                 * unreal mode) */
                ctxt->ops->get_segment(ctxt, &dummy, &seg_desc, NULL, seg);
                set_desc_base(&seg_desc, selector << 4);
                goto load;
        } else if (seg <= VCPU_SREG_GS && ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_VM86) {
                /* VM86 needs a clean new segment descriptor */
                set_desc_base(&seg_desc, selector << 4);
                set_desc_limit(&seg_desc, 0xffff);
                seg_desc.type = 3;
                seg_desc.p = 1;
                seg_desc.s = 1;
                seg_desc.dpl = 3;
                goto load;
        }

        rpl = selector & 3;
        cpl = ctxt->ops->cpl(ctxt);

        /* NULL selector is not valid for TR, CS and SS (except for long mode) */
        if ((seg == VCPU_SREG_CS
             || (seg == VCPU_SREG_SS
                 && (ctxt->mode != X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64 || rpl != cpl))
             || seg == VCPU_SREG_TR)
            && null_selector)
                goto exception;

        /* TR should be in GDT only */
        if (seg == VCPU_SREG_TR && (selector & (1 << 2)))
                goto exception;

        if (null_selector) /* for NULL selector skip all following checks */
                goto load;

        ret = read_segment_descriptor(ctxt, selector, &seg_desc, &desc_addr);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;

        err_code = selector & 0xfffc;
        err_vec = GP_VECTOR;

        /* can't load system descriptor into segment selector */
        if (seg <= VCPU_SREG_GS && !seg_desc.s)
                goto exception;

        if (!seg_desc.p) {
                err_vec = (seg == VCPU_SREG_SS) ? SS_VECTOR : NP_VECTOR;
                goto exception;
        }

        dpl = seg_desc.dpl;

        switch (seg) {
        case VCPU_SREG_SS:
                /*
                 * segment is not a writable data segment or segment
                 * selector's RPL != CPL or segment selector's RPL != CPL
                 */
                if (rpl != cpl || (seg_desc.type & 0xa) != 0x2 || dpl != cpl)
                        goto exception;
                break;
        case VCPU_SREG_CS:
                if (!(seg_desc.type & 8))
                        goto exception;

                if (seg_desc.type & 4) {
                        /* conforming */
                        if (dpl > cpl)
                                goto exception;
                } else {
                        /* nonconforming */
                        if (rpl > cpl || dpl != cpl)
                                goto exception;
                }
                /* CS(RPL) <- CPL */
                selector = (selector & 0xfffc) | cpl;
                break;
        case VCPU_SREG_TR:
                if (seg_desc.s || (seg_desc.type != 1 && seg_desc.type != 9))
                        goto exception;
                old_desc = seg_desc;
                seg_desc.type |= 2; /* busy */
                ret = ctxt->ops->cmpxchg_emulated(ctxt, desc_addr, &old_desc, &seg_desc,
                                                  sizeof(seg_desc), &ctxt->exception);
                if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        return ret;
                break;
        case VCPU_SREG_LDTR:
                if (seg_desc.s || seg_desc.type != 2)
                        goto exception;
                break;
        default: /*  DS, ES, FS, or GS */
                /*
                 * segment is not a data or readable code segment or
                 * ((segment is a data or nonconforming code segment)
                 * and (both RPL and CPL > DPL))
                 */
                if ((seg_desc.type & 0xa) == 0x8 ||
                    (((seg_desc.type & 0xc) != 0xc) &&
                     (rpl > dpl && cpl > dpl)))
                        goto exception;
                break;
        }

        if (seg_desc.s) {
                /* mark segment as accessed */
                seg_desc.type |= 1;
                ret = write_segment_descriptor(ctxt, selector, &seg_desc);
                if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        return ret;
        }
load:
        ctxt->ops->set_segment(ctxt, selector, &seg_desc, 0, seg);
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
exception:
        emulate_exception(ctxt, err_vec, err_code, true);
        return X86EMUL_PROPAGATE_FAULT;
}

static void write_register_operand(struct operand *op)
{
        /* The 4-byte case *is* correct: in 64-bit mode we zero-extend. */
        switch (op->bytes) {
        case 1:
                *(u8 *)op->addr.reg = (u8)op->val;
                break;
        case 2:
                *(u16 *)op->addr.reg = (u16)op->val;
                break;
        case 4:
                *op->addr.reg = (u32)op->val;
                break;  /* 64b: zero-extend */
        case 8:
                *op->addr.reg = op->val;
                break;
        }
}

static int writeback(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, struct operand *op)
{
        int rc;

        switch (op->type) {
        case OP_REG:
                write_register_operand(op);
                break;
        case OP_MEM:
                if (ctxt->lock_prefix)
                        rc = segmented_cmpxchg(ctxt,
                                               op->addr.mem,
                                               &op->orig_val,
                                               &op->val,
                                               op->bytes);
                else
                        rc = segmented_write(ctxt,
                                             op->addr.mem,
                                             &op->val,
                                             op->bytes);
                if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        return rc;
                break;
        case OP_MEM_STR:
                rc = segmented_write(ctxt,
                                op->addr.mem,
                                op->data,
                                op->bytes * op->count);
                if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        return rc;
                break;
        case OP_XMM:
                write_sse_reg(ctxt, &op->vec_val, op->addr.xmm);
                break;
        case OP_MM:
                write_mmx_reg(ctxt, &op->mm_val, op->addr.mm);
                break;
        case OP_NONE:
                /* no writeback */
                break;
        default:
                break;
        }
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int push(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, void *data, int bytes)
{
        struct segmented_address addr;

        rsp_increment(ctxt, -bytes);
        addr.ea = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP) & stack_mask(ctxt);
        addr.seg = VCPU_SREG_SS;

        return segmented_write(ctxt, addr, data, bytes);
}

static int em_push(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        /* Disable writeback. */
        ctxt->dst.type = OP_NONE;
        return push(ctxt, &ctxt->src.val, ctxt->op_bytes);
}

static int emulate_pop(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                       void *dest, int len)
{
        int rc;
        struct segmented_address addr;

        addr.ea = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP) & stack_mask(ctxt);
        addr.seg = VCPU_SREG_SS;
        rc = segmented_read(ctxt, addr, dest, len);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        rsp_increment(ctxt, len);
        return rc;
}

static int em_pop(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        return emulate_pop(ctxt, &ctxt->dst.val, ctxt->op_bytes);
}

static int emulate_popf(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                        void *dest, int len)
{
        int rc;
        unsigned long val, change_mask;
        int iopl = (ctxt->eflags & X86_EFLAGS_IOPL) >> IOPL_SHIFT;
        int cpl = ctxt->ops->cpl(ctxt);

        rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, &val, len);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        change_mask = EFLG_CF | EFLG_PF | EFLG_AF | EFLG_ZF | EFLG_SF | EFLG_OF
                | EFLG_TF | EFLG_DF | EFLG_NT | EFLG_RF | EFLG_AC | EFLG_ID;

        switch(ctxt->mode) {
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64:
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32:
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT16:
                if (cpl == 0)
                        change_mask |= EFLG_IOPL;
                if (cpl <= iopl)
                        change_mask |= EFLG_IF;
                break;
        case X86EMUL_MODE_VM86:
                if (iopl < 3)
                        return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
                change_mask |= EFLG_IF;
                break;
        default: /* real mode */
                change_mask |= (EFLG_IOPL | EFLG_IF);
                break;
        }

        *(unsigned long *)dest =
                (ctxt->eflags & ~change_mask) | (val & change_mask);

        return rc;
}

static int em_popf(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        ctxt->dst.type = OP_REG;
        ctxt->dst.addr.reg = &ctxt->eflags;
        ctxt->dst.bytes = ctxt->op_bytes;
        return emulate_popf(ctxt, &ctxt->dst.val, ctxt->op_bytes);
}

static int em_enter(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int rc;
        unsigned frame_size = ctxt->src.val;
        unsigned nesting_level = ctxt->src2.val & 31;
        ulong rbp;

        if (nesting_level)
                return X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;

        rbp = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP);
        rc = push(ctxt, &rbp, stack_size(ctxt));
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        assign_masked(reg_rmw(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP), reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP),
                      stack_mask(ctxt));
        assign_masked(reg_rmw(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP),
                      reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP) - frame_size,
                      stack_mask(ctxt));
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_leave(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        assign_masked(reg_rmw(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP), reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP),
                      stack_mask(ctxt));
        return emulate_pop(ctxt, reg_rmw(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP), ctxt->op_bytes);
}

static int em_push_sreg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int seg = ctxt->src2.val;

        ctxt->src.val = get_segment_selector(ctxt, seg);

        return em_push(ctxt);
}

static int em_pop_sreg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int seg = ctxt->src2.val;
        unsigned long selector;
        int rc;

        rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, &selector, ctxt->op_bytes);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        rc = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, (u16)selector, seg);
        return rc;
}

static int em_pusha(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        unsigned long old_esp = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP);
        int rc = X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
        int reg = VCPU_REGS_RAX;

        while (reg <= VCPU_REGS_RDI) {
                (reg == VCPU_REGS_RSP) ?
                (ctxt->src.val = old_esp) : (ctxt->src.val = reg_read(ctxt, reg));

                rc = em_push(ctxt);
                if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        return rc;

                ++reg;
        }

        return rc;
}

static int em_pushf(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        ctxt->src.val =  (unsigned long)ctxt->eflags;
        return em_push(ctxt);
}

static int em_popa(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int rc = X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
        int reg = VCPU_REGS_RDI;

        while (reg >= VCPU_REGS_RAX) {
                if (reg == VCPU_REGS_RSP) {
                        rsp_increment(ctxt, ctxt->op_bytes);
                        --reg;
                }

                rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, reg_rmw(ctxt, reg), ctxt->op_bytes);
                if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        break;
                --reg;
        }
        return rc;
}

static int __emulate_int_real(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int irq)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        int rc;
        struct desc_ptr dt;
        gva_t cs_addr;
        gva_t eip_addr;
        u16 cs, eip;

        /* TODO: Add limit checks */
        ctxt->src.val = ctxt->eflags;
        rc = em_push(ctxt);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        ctxt->eflags &= ~(EFLG_IF | EFLG_TF | EFLG_AC);

        ctxt->src.val = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        rc = em_push(ctxt);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        ctxt->src.val = ctxt->_eip;
        rc = em_push(ctxt);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        ops->get_idt(ctxt, &dt);

        eip_addr = dt.address + (irq << 2);
        cs_addr = dt.address + (irq << 2) + 2;

        rc = ops->read_std(ctxt, cs_addr, &cs, 2, &ctxt->exception);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        rc = ops->read_std(ctxt, eip_addr, &eip, 2, &ctxt->exception);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        rc = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, cs, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        ctxt->_eip = eip;

        return rc;
}

int emulate_int_real(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int irq)
{
        int rc;

        invalidate_registers(ctxt);
        rc = __emulate_int_real(ctxt, irq);
        if (rc == X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                writeback_registers(ctxt);
        return rc;
}

static int emulate_int(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int irq)
{
        switch(ctxt->mode) {
        case X86EMUL_MODE_REAL:
                return __emulate_int_real(ctxt, irq);
        case X86EMUL_MODE_VM86:
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT16:
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32:
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64:
        default:
                /* Protected mode interrupts unimplemented yet */
                return X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
        }
}

static int emulate_iret_real(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int rc = X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
        unsigned long temp_eip = 0;
        unsigned long temp_eflags = 0;
        unsigned long cs = 0;
        unsigned long mask = EFLG_CF | EFLG_PF | EFLG_AF | EFLG_ZF | EFLG_SF | EFLG_TF |
                             EFLG_IF | EFLG_DF | EFLG_OF | EFLG_IOPL | EFLG_NT | EFLG_RF |
                             EFLG_AC | EFLG_ID | (1 << 1); /* Last one is the reserved bit */
        unsigned long vm86_mask = EFLG_VM | EFLG_VIF | EFLG_VIP;

        /* TODO: Add stack limit check */

        rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, &temp_eip, ctxt->op_bytes);

        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        if (temp_eip & ~0xffff)
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);

        rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, &cs, ctxt->op_bytes);

        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, &temp_eflags, ctxt->op_bytes);

        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        rc = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, (u16)cs, VCPU_SREG_CS);

        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        ctxt->_eip = temp_eip;


        if (ctxt->op_bytes == 4)
                ctxt->eflags = ((temp_eflags & mask) | (ctxt->eflags & vm86_mask));
        else if (ctxt->op_bytes == 2) {
                ctxt->eflags &= ~0xffff;
                ctxt->eflags |= temp_eflags;
        }

        ctxt->eflags &= ~EFLG_RESERVED_ZEROS_MASK; /* Clear reserved zeros */
        ctxt->eflags |= EFLG_RESERVED_ONE_MASK;

        return rc;
}

static int em_iret(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        switch(ctxt->mode) {
        case X86EMUL_MODE_REAL:
                return emulate_iret_real(ctxt);
        case X86EMUL_MODE_VM86:
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT16:
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32:
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64:
        default:
                /* iret from protected mode unimplemented yet */
                return X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE;
        }
}

static int em_jmp_far(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int rc;
        unsigned short sel;

        memcpy(&sel, ctxt->src.valptr + ctxt->op_bytes, 2);

        rc = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, sel, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        ctxt->_eip = 0;
        memcpy(&ctxt->_eip, ctxt->src.valptr, ctxt->op_bytes);
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_grp45(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int rc = X86EMUL_CONTINUE;

        switch (ctxt->modrm_reg) {
        case 2: /* call near abs */ {
                long int old_eip;
                old_eip = ctxt->_eip;
                ctxt->_eip = ctxt->src.val;
                ctxt->src.val = old_eip;
                rc = em_push(ctxt);
                break;
        }
        case 4: /* jmp abs */
                ctxt->_eip = ctxt->src.val;
                break;
        case 5: /* jmp far */
                rc = em_jmp_far(ctxt);
                break;
        case 6: /* push */
                rc = em_push(ctxt);
                break;
        }
        return rc;
}

static int em_cmpxchg8b(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u64 old = ctxt->dst.orig_val64;

        if (((u32) (old >> 0) != (u32) reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX)) ||
            ((u32) (old >> 32) != (u32) reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX))) {
                *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX) = (u32) (old >> 0);
                *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX) = (u32) (old >> 32);
                ctxt->eflags &= ~EFLG_ZF;
        } else {
                ctxt->dst.val64 = ((u64)reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX) << 32) |
                        (u32) reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBX);

                ctxt->eflags |= EFLG_ZF;
        }
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;

}

static int em_ret(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        ctxt->dst.type = OP_REG;
        ctxt->dst.addr.reg = &ctxt->_eip;
        ctxt->dst.bytes = ctxt->op_bytes;
        return em_pop(ctxt);
}

static int em_ret_far(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int rc;
        unsigned long cs;

        rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, &ctxt->_eip, ctxt->op_bytes);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        if (ctxt->op_bytes == 4)
                ctxt->_eip = (u32)ctxt->_eip;
        rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, &cs, ctxt->op_bytes);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        rc = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, (u16)cs, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        return rc;
}

static int em_cmpxchg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        /* Save real source value, then compare EAX against destination. */
        ctxt->src.orig_val = ctxt->src.val;
        ctxt->src.val = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX);
        fastop(ctxt, em_cmp);

        if (ctxt->eflags & EFLG_ZF) {
                /* Success: write back to memory. */
                ctxt->dst.val = ctxt->src.orig_val;
        } else {
                /* Failure: write the value we saw to EAX. */
                ctxt->dst.type = OP_REG;
                ctxt->dst.addr.reg = reg_rmw(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX);
        }
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_lseg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int seg = ctxt->src2.val;
        unsigned short sel;
        int rc;

        memcpy(&sel, ctxt->src.valptr + ctxt->op_bytes, 2);

        rc = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, sel, seg);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        ctxt->dst.val = ctxt->src.val;
        return rc;
}

static void
setup_syscalls_segments(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                        struct desc_struct *cs, struct desc_struct *ss)
{
        cs->l = 0;              /* will be adjusted later */
        set_desc_base(cs, 0);   /* flat segment */
        cs->g = 1;              /* 4kb granularity */
        set_desc_limit(cs, 0xfffff);    /* 4GB limit */
        cs->type = 0x0b;        /* Read, Execute, Accessed */
        cs->s = 1;
        cs->dpl = 0;            /* will be adjusted later */
        cs->p = 1;
        cs->d = 1;
        cs->avl = 0;

        set_desc_base(ss, 0);   /* flat segment */
        set_desc_limit(ss, 0xfffff);    /* 4GB limit */
        ss->g = 1;              /* 4kb granularity */
        ss->s = 1;
        ss->type = 0x03;        /* Read/Write, Accessed */
        ss->d = 1;              /* 32bit stack segment */
        ss->dpl = 0;
        ss->p = 1;
        ss->l = 0;
        ss->avl = 0;
}

static bool vendor_intel(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u32 eax, ebx, ecx, edx;

        eax = ecx = 0;
        ctxt->ops->get_cpuid(ctxt, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
        return ebx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_GenuineIntel_ebx
                && ecx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_GenuineIntel_ecx
                && edx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_GenuineIntel_edx;
}

static bool em_syscall_is_enabled(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        u32 eax, ebx, ecx, edx;

        /*
         * syscall should always be enabled in longmode - so only become
         * vendor specific (cpuid) if other modes are active...
         */
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64)
                return true;

        eax = 0x00000000;
        ecx = 0x00000000;
        ops->get_cpuid(ctxt, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
        /*
         * Intel ("GenuineIntel")
         * remark: Intel CPUs only support "syscall" in 64bit
         * longmode. Also an 64bit guest with a
         * 32bit compat-app running will #UD !! While this
         * behaviour can be fixed (by emulating) into AMD
         * response - CPUs of AMD can't behave like Intel.
         */
        if (ebx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_GenuineIntel_ebx &&
            ecx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_GenuineIntel_ecx &&
            edx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_GenuineIntel_edx)
                return false;

        /* AMD ("AuthenticAMD") */
        if (ebx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_AuthenticAMD_ebx &&
            ecx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_AuthenticAMD_ecx &&
            edx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_AuthenticAMD_edx)
                return true;

        /* AMD ("AMDisbetter!") */
        if (ebx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_AMDisbetterI_ebx &&
            ecx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_AMDisbetterI_ecx &&
            edx == X86EMUL_CPUID_VENDOR_AMDisbetterI_edx)
                return true;

        /* default: (not Intel, not AMD), apply Intel's stricter rules... */
        return false;
}

static int em_syscall(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        struct desc_struct cs, ss;
        u64 msr_data;
        u16 cs_sel, ss_sel;
        u64 efer = 0;

        /* syscall is not available in real mode */
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_REAL ||
            ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_VM86)
                return emulate_ud(ctxt);

        if (!(em_syscall_is_enabled(ctxt)))
                return emulate_ud(ctxt);

        ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_EFER, &efer);
        setup_syscalls_segments(ctxt, &cs, &ss);

        if (!(efer & EFER_SCE))
                return emulate_ud(ctxt);

        ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_STAR, &msr_data);
        msr_data >>= 32;
        cs_sel = (u16)(msr_data & 0xfffc);
        ss_sel = (u16)(msr_data + 8);

        if (efer & EFER_LMA) {
                cs.d = 0;
                cs.l = 1;
        }
        ops->set_segment(ctxt, cs_sel, &cs, 0, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        ops->set_segment(ctxt, ss_sel, &ss, 0, VCPU_SREG_SS);

        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX) = ctxt->_eip;
        if (efer & EFER_LMA) {
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
                *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_R11) = ctxt->eflags & ~EFLG_RF;

                ops->get_msr(ctxt,
                             ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64 ?
                             MSR_LSTAR : MSR_CSTAR, &msr_data);
                ctxt->_eip = msr_data;

                ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_SYSCALL_MASK, &msr_data);
                ctxt->eflags &= ~(msr_data | EFLG_RF);
#endif
        } else {
                /* legacy mode */
                ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_STAR, &msr_data);
                ctxt->_eip = (u32)msr_data;

                ctxt->eflags &= ~(EFLG_VM | EFLG_IF | EFLG_RF);
        }

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_sysenter(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        struct desc_struct cs, ss;
        u64 msr_data;
        u16 cs_sel, ss_sel;
        u64 efer = 0;

        ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_EFER, &efer);
        /* inject #GP if in real mode */
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_REAL)
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);

        /*
         * Not recognized on AMD in compat mode (but is recognized in legacy
         * mode).
         */
        if ((ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32) && (efer & EFER_LMA)
            && !vendor_intel(ctxt))
                return emulate_ud(ctxt);

        /* XXX sysenter/sysexit have not been tested in 64bit mode.
        * Therefore, we inject an #UD.
        */
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64)
                return emulate_ud(ctxt);

        setup_syscalls_segments(ctxt, &cs, &ss);

        ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_CS, &msr_data);
        switch (ctxt->mode) {
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32:
                if ((msr_data & 0xfffc) == 0x0)
                        return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
                break;
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64:
                if (msr_data == 0x0)
                        return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
                break;
        default:
                break;
        }

        ctxt->eflags &= ~(EFLG_VM | EFLG_IF | EFLG_RF);
        cs_sel = (u16)msr_data;
        cs_sel &= ~SELECTOR_RPL_MASK;
        ss_sel = cs_sel + 8;
        ss_sel &= ~SELECTOR_RPL_MASK;
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64 || (efer & EFER_LMA)) {
                cs.d = 0;
                cs.l = 1;
        }

        ops->set_segment(ctxt, cs_sel, &cs, 0, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        ops->set_segment(ctxt, ss_sel, &ss, 0, VCPU_SREG_SS);

        ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_EIP, &msr_data);
        ctxt->_eip = msr_data;

        ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_ESP, &msr_data);
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP) = msr_data;

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_sysexit(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        struct desc_struct cs, ss;
        u64 msr_data;
        int usermode;
        u16 cs_sel = 0, ss_sel = 0;

        /* inject #GP if in real mode or Virtual 8086 mode */
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_REAL ||
            ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_VM86)
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);

        setup_syscalls_segments(ctxt, &cs, &ss);

        if ((ctxt->rex_prefix & 0x8) != 0x0)
                usermode = X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64;
        else
                usermode = X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32;

        cs.dpl = 3;
        ss.dpl = 3;
        ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_IA32_SYSENTER_CS, &msr_data);
        switch (usermode) {
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32:
                cs_sel = (u16)(msr_data + 16);
                if ((msr_data & 0xfffc) == 0x0)
                        return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
                ss_sel = (u16)(msr_data + 24);
                break;
        case X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64:
                cs_sel = (u16)(msr_data + 32);
                if (msr_data == 0x0)
                        return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
                ss_sel = cs_sel + 8;
                cs.d = 0;
                cs.l = 1;
                break;
        }
        cs_sel |= SELECTOR_RPL_MASK;
        ss_sel |= SELECTOR_RPL_MASK;

        ops->set_segment(ctxt, cs_sel, &cs, 0, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        ops->set_segment(ctxt, ss_sel, &ss, 0, VCPU_SREG_SS);

        ctxt->_eip = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX);
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP) = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX);

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static bool emulator_bad_iopl(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int iopl;
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_REAL)
                return false;
        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_VM86)
                return true;
        iopl = (ctxt->eflags & X86_EFLAGS_IOPL) >> IOPL_SHIFT;
        return ctxt->ops->cpl(ctxt) > iopl;
}

static bool emulator_io_port_access_allowed(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                            u16 port, u16 len)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        struct desc_struct tr_seg;
        u32 base3;
        int r;
        u16 tr, io_bitmap_ptr, perm, bit_idx = port & 0x7;
        unsigned mask = (1 << len) - 1;
        unsigned long base;

        ops->get_segment(ctxt, &tr, &tr_seg, &base3, VCPU_SREG_TR);
        if (!tr_seg.p)
                return false;
        if (desc_limit_scaled(&tr_seg) < 103)
                return false;
        base = get_desc_base(&tr_seg);
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
        base |= ((u64)base3) << 32;
#endif
        r = ops->read_std(ctxt, base + 102, &io_bitmap_ptr, 2, NULL);
        if (r != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return false;
        if (io_bitmap_ptr + port/8 > desc_limit_scaled(&tr_seg))
                return false;
        r = ops->read_std(ctxt, base + io_bitmap_ptr + port/8, &perm, 2, NULL);
        if (r != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return false;
        if ((perm >> bit_idx) & mask)
                return false;
        return true;
}

static bool emulator_io_permited(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                 u16 port, u16 len)
{
        if (ctxt->perm_ok)
                return true;

        if (emulator_bad_iopl(ctxt))
                if (!emulator_io_port_access_allowed(ctxt, port, len))
                        return false;

        ctxt->perm_ok = true;

        return true;
}

static void save_state_to_tss16(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                struct tss_segment_16 *tss)
{
        tss->ip = ctxt->_eip;
        tss->flag = ctxt->eflags;
        tss->ax = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX);
        tss->cx = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX);
        tss->dx = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX);
        tss->bx = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBX);
        tss->sp = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP);
        tss->bp = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP);
        tss->si = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSI);
        tss->di = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDI);

        tss->es = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_ES);
        tss->cs = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        tss->ss = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_SS);
        tss->ds = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_DS);
        tss->ldt = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_LDTR);
}

static int load_state_from_tss16(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                 struct tss_segment_16 *tss)
{
        int ret;

        ctxt->_eip = tss->ip;
        ctxt->eflags = tss->flag | 2;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX) = tss->ax;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX) = tss->cx;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX) = tss->dx;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBX) = tss->bx;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP) = tss->sp;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP) = tss->bp;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSI) = tss->si;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDI) = tss->di;

        /*
         * SDM says that segment selectors are loaded before segment
         * descriptors
         */
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->ldt, VCPU_SREG_LDTR);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->es, VCPU_SREG_ES);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->cs, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->ss, VCPU_SREG_SS);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->ds, VCPU_SREG_DS);

        /*
         * Now load segment descriptors. If fault happens at this stage
         * it is handled in a context of new task
         */
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->ldt, VCPU_SREG_LDTR);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->es, VCPU_SREG_ES);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->cs, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->ss, VCPU_SREG_SS);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->ds, VCPU_SREG_DS);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int task_switch_16(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                          u16 tss_selector, u16 old_tss_sel,
                          ulong old_tss_base, struct desc_struct *new_desc)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        struct tss_segment_16 tss_seg;
        int ret;
        u32 new_tss_base = get_desc_base(new_desc);

        ret = ops->read_std(ctxt, old_tss_base, &tss_seg, sizeof tss_seg,
                            &ctxt->exception);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                /* FIXME: need to provide precise fault address */
                return ret;

        save_state_to_tss16(ctxt, &tss_seg);

        ret = ops->write_std(ctxt, old_tss_base, &tss_seg, sizeof tss_seg,
                             &ctxt->exception);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                /* FIXME: need to provide precise fault address */
                return ret;

        ret = ops->read_std(ctxt, new_tss_base, &tss_seg, sizeof tss_seg,
                            &ctxt->exception);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                /* FIXME: need to provide precise fault address */
                return ret;

        if (old_tss_sel != 0xffff) {
                tss_seg.prev_task_link = old_tss_sel;

                ret = ops->write_std(ctxt, new_tss_base,
                                     &tss_seg.prev_task_link,
                                     sizeof tss_seg.prev_task_link,
                                     &ctxt->exception);
                if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        /* FIXME: need to provide precise fault address */
                        return ret;
        }

        return load_state_from_tss16(ctxt, &tss_seg);
}

static void save_state_to_tss32(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                struct tss_segment_32 *tss)
{
        tss->cr3 = ctxt->ops->get_cr(ctxt, 3);
        tss->eip = ctxt->_eip;
        tss->eflags = ctxt->eflags;
        tss->eax = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX);
        tss->ecx = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX);
        tss->edx = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX);
        tss->ebx = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBX);
        tss->esp = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP);
        tss->ebp = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP);
        tss->esi = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSI);
        tss->edi = reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDI);

        tss->es = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_ES);
        tss->cs = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        tss->ss = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_SS);
        tss->ds = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_DS);
        tss->fs = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_FS);
        tss->gs = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_GS);
        tss->ldt_selector = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_LDTR);
}

static int load_state_from_tss32(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                 struct tss_segment_32 *tss)
{
        int ret;

        if (ctxt->ops->set_cr(ctxt, 3, tss->cr3))
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
        ctxt->_eip = tss->eip;
        ctxt->eflags = tss->eflags | 2;

        /* General purpose registers */
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX) = tss->eax;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX) = tss->ecx;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX) = tss->edx;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBX) = tss->ebx;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSP) = tss->esp;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RBP) = tss->ebp;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RSI) = tss->esi;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDI) = tss->edi;

        /*
         * SDM says that segment selectors are loaded before segment
         * descriptors
         */
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->ldt_selector, VCPU_SREG_LDTR);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->es, VCPU_SREG_ES);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->cs, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->ss, VCPU_SREG_SS);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->ds, VCPU_SREG_DS);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->fs, VCPU_SREG_FS);
        set_segment_selector(ctxt, tss->gs, VCPU_SREG_GS);

        /*
         * If we're switching between Protected Mode and VM86, we need to make
         * sure to update the mode before loading the segment descriptors so
         * that the selectors are interpreted correctly.
         *
         * Need to get rflags to the vcpu struct immediately because it
         * influences the CPL which is checked at least when loading the segment
         * descriptors and when pushing an error code to the new kernel stack.
         *
         * TODO Introduce a separate ctxt->ops->set_cpl callback
         */
        if (ctxt->eflags & X86_EFLAGS_VM)
                ctxt->mode = X86EMUL_MODE_VM86;
        else
                ctxt->mode = X86EMUL_MODE_PROT32;

        ctxt->ops->set_rflags(ctxt, ctxt->eflags);

        /*
         * Now load segment descriptors. If fault happenes at this stage
         * it is handled in a context of new task
         */
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->ldt_selector, VCPU_SREG_LDTR);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->es, VCPU_SREG_ES);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->cs, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->ss, VCPU_SREG_SS);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->ds, VCPU_SREG_DS);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->fs, VCPU_SREG_FS);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss->gs, VCPU_SREG_GS);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int task_switch_32(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                          u16 tss_selector, u16 old_tss_sel,
                          ulong old_tss_base, struct desc_struct *new_desc)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        struct tss_segment_32 tss_seg;
        int ret;
        u32 new_tss_base = get_desc_base(new_desc);

        ret = ops->read_std(ctxt, old_tss_base, &tss_seg, sizeof tss_seg,
                            &ctxt->exception);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                /* FIXME: need to provide precise fault address */
                return ret;

        save_state_to_tss32(ctxt, &tss_seg);

        ret = ops->write_std(ctxt, old_tss_base, &tss_seg, sizeof tss_seg,
                             &ctxt->exception);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                /* FIXME: need to provide precise fault address */
                return ret;

        ret = ops->read_std(ctxt, new_tss_base, &tss_seg, sizeof tss_seg,
                            &ctxt->exception);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                /* FIXME: need to provide precise fault address */
                return ret;

        if (old_tss_sel != 0xffff) {
                tss_seg.prev_task_link = old_tss_sel;

                ret = ops->write_std(ctxt, new_tss_base,
                                     &tss_seg.prev_task_link,
                                     sizeof tss_seg.prev_task_link,
                                     &ctxt->exception);
                if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                        /* FIXME: need to provide precise fault address */
                        return ret;
        }

        return load_state_from_tss32(ctxt, &tss_seg);
}

static int emulator_do_task_switch(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                                   u16 tss_selector, int idt_index, int reason,
                                   bool has_error_code, u32 error_code)
{
        const struct x86_emulate_ops *ops = ctxt->ops;
        struct desc_struct curr_tss_desc, next_tss_desc;
        int ret;
        u16 old_tss_sel = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_TR);
        ulong old_tss_base =
                ops->get_cached_segment_base(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_TR);
        u32 desc_limit;
        ulong desc_addr;

        /* FIXME: old_tss_base == ~0 ? */

        ret = read_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss_selector, &next_tss_desc, &desc_addr);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;
        ret = read_segment_descriptor(ctxt, old_tss_sel, &curr_tss_desc, &desc_addr);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;

        /* FIXME: check that next_tss_desc is tss */

        /*
         * Check privileges. The three cases are task switch caused by...
         *
         * 1. jmp/call/int to task gate: Check against DPL of the task gate
         * 2. Exception/IRQ/iret: No check is performed
         * 3. jmp/call to TSS: Check against DPL of the TSS
         */
        if (reason == TASK_SWITCH_GATE) {
                if (idt_index != -1) {
                        /* Software interrupts */
                        struct desc_struct task_gate_desc;
                        int dpl;

                        ret = read_interrupt_descriptor(ctxt, idt_index,
                                                        &task_gate_desc);
                        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                                return ret;

                        dpl = task_gate_desc.dpl;
                        if ((tss_selector & 3) > dpl || ops->cpl(ctxt) > dpl)
                                return emulate_gp(ctxt, (idt_index << 3) | 0x2);
                }
        } else if (reason != TASK_SWITCH_IRET) {
                int dpl = next_tss_desc.dpl;
                if ((tss_selector & 3) > dpl || ops->cpl(ctxt) > dpl)
                        return emulate_gp(ctxt, tss_selector);
        }


        desc_limit = desc_limit_scaled(&next_tss_desc);
        if (!next_tss_desc.p ||
            ((desc_limit < 0x67 && (next_tss_desc.type & 8)) ||
             desc_limit < 0x2b)) {
                emulate_ts(ctxt, tss_selector & 0xfffc);
                return X86EMUL_PROPAGATE_FAULT;
        }

        if (reason == TASK_SWITCH_IRET || reason == TASK_SWITCH_JMP) {
                curr_tss_desc.type &= ~(1 << 1); /* clear busy flag */
                write_segment_descriptor(ctxt, old_tss_sel, &curr_tss_desc);
        }

        if (reason == TASK_SWITCH_IRET)
                ctxt->eflags = ctxt->eflags & ~X86_EFLAGS_NT;

        /* set back link to prev task only if NT bit is set in eflags
           note that old_tss_sel is not used after this point */
        if (reason != TASK_SWITCH_CALL && reason != TASK_SWITCH_GATE)
                old_tss_sel = 0xffff;

        if (next_tss_desc.type & 8)
                ret = task_switch_32(ctxt, tss_selector, old_tss_sel,
                                     old_tss_base, &next_tss_desc);
        else
                ret = task_switch_16(ctxt, tss_selector, old_tss_sel,
                                     old_tss_base, &next_tss_desc);
        if (ret != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return ret;

        if (reason == TASK_SWITCH_CALL || reason == TASK_SWITCH_GATE)
                ctxt->eflags = ctxt->eflags | X86_EFLAGS_NT;

        if (reason != TASK_SWITCH_IRET) {
                next_tss_desc.type |= (1 << 1); /* set busy flag */
                write_segment_descriptor(ctxt, tss_selector, &next_tss_desc);
        }

        ops->set_cr(ctxt, 0,  ops->get_cr(ctxt, 0) | X86_CR0_TS);
        ops->set_segment(ctxt, tss_selector, &next_tss_desc, 0, VCPU_SREG_TR);

        if (has_error_code) {
                ctxt->op_bytes = ctxt->ad_bytes = (next_tss_desc.type & 8) ? 4 : 2;
                ctxt->lock_prefix = 0;
                ctxt->src.val = (unsigned long) error_code;
                ret = em_push(ctxt);
        }

        return ret;
}

int emulator_task_switch(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt,
                         u16 tss_selector, int idt_index, int reason,
                         bool has_error_code, u32 error_code)
{
        int rc;

        invalidate_registers(ctxt);
        ctxt->_eip = ctxt->eip;
        ctxt->dst.type = OP_NONE;

        rc = emulator_do_task_switch(ctxt, tss_selector, idt_index, reason,
                                     has_error_code, error_code);

        if (rc == X86EMUL_CONTINUE) {
                ctxt->eip = ctxt->_eip;
                writeback_registers(ctxt);
        }

        return (rc == X86EMUL_UNHANDLEABLE) ? EMULATION_FAILED : EMULATION_OK;
}

static void string_addr_inc(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt, int reg,
                struct operand *op)
{
        int df = (ctxt->eflags & EFLG_DF) ? -op->count : op->count;

        register_address_increment(ctxt, reg_rmw(ctxt, reg), df * op->bytes);
        op->addr.mem.ea = register_address(ctxt, reg_read(ctxt, reg));
}

static int em_das(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u8 al, old_al;
        bool af, cf, old_cf;

        cf = ctxt->eflags & X86_EFLAGS_CF;
        al = ctxt->dst.val;

        old_al = al;
        old_cf = cf;
        cf = false;
        af = ctxt->eflags & X86_EFLAGS_AF;
        if ((al & 0x0f) > 9 || af) {
                al -= 6;
                cf = old_cf | (al >= 250);
                af = true;
        } else {
                af = false;
        }
        if (old_al > 0x99 || old_cf) {
                al -= 0x60;
                cf = true;
        }

        ctxt->dst.val = al;
        /* Set PF, ZF, SF */
        ctxt->src.type = OP_IMM;
        ctxt->src.val = 0;
        ctxt->src.bytes = 1;
        fastop(ctxt, em_or);
        ctxt->eflags &= ~(X86_EFLAGS_AF | X86_EFLAGS_CF);
        if (cf)
                ctxt->eflags |= X86_EFLAGS_CF;
        if (af)
                ctxt->eflags |= X86_EFLAGS_AF;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_aam(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u8 al, ah;

        if (ctxt->src.val == 0)
                return emulate_de(ctxt);

        al = ctxt->dst.val & 0xff;
        ah = al / ctxt->src.val;
        al %= ctxt->src.val;

        ctxt->dst.val = (ctxt->dst.val & 0xffff0000) | al | (ah << 8);

        /* Set PF, ZF, SF */
        ctxt->src.type = OP_IMM;
        ctxt->src.val = 0;
        ctxt->src.bytes = 1;
        fastop(ctxt, em_or);

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_aad(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u8 al = ctxt->dst.val & 0xff;
        u8 ah = (ctxt->dst.val >> 8) & 0xff;

        al = (al + (ah * ctxt->src.val)) & 0xff;

        ctxt->dst.val = (ctxt->dst.val & 0xffff0000) | al;

        /* Set PF, ZF, SF */
        ctxt->src.type = OP_IMM;
        ctxt->src.val = 0;
        ctxt->src.bytes = 1;
        fastop(ctxt, em_or);

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_call(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        long rel = ctxt->src.val;

        ctxt->src.val = (unsigned long)ctxt->_eip;
        jmp_rel(ctxt, rel);
        return em_push(ctxt);
}

static int em_call_far(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u16 sel, old_cs;
        ulong old_eip;
        int rc;

        old_cs = get_segment_selector(ctxt, VCPU_SREG_CS);
        old_eip = ctxt->_eip;

        memcpy(&sel, ctxt->src.valptr + ctxt->op_bytes, 2);
        if (load_segment_descriptor(ctxt, sel, VCPU_SREG_CS))
                return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;

        ctxt->_eip = 0;
        memcpy(&ctxt->_eip, ctxt->src.valptr, ctxt->op_bytes);

        ctxt->src.val = old_cs;
        rc = em_push(ctxt);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;

        ctxt->src.val = old_eip;
        return em_push(ctxt);
}

static int em_ret_near_imm(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        int rc;

        ctxt->dst.type = OP_REG;
        ctxt->dst.addr.reg = &ctxt->_eip;
        ctxt->dst.bytes = ctxt->op_bytes;
        rc = emulate_pop(ctxt, &ctxt->dst.val, ctxt->op_bytes);
        if (rc != X86EMUL_CONTINUE)
                return rc;
        rsp_increment(ctxt, ctxt->src.val);
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_xchg(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        /* Write back the register source. */
        ctxt->src.val = ctxt->dst.val;
        write_register_operand(&ctxt->src);

        /* Write back the memory destination with implicit LOCK prefix. */
        ctxt->dst.val = ctxt->src.orig_val;
        ctxt->lock_prefix = 1;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_imul_3op(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        ctxt->dst.val = ctxt->src2.val;
        return fastop(ctxt, em_imul);
}

static int em_cwd(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        ctxt->dst.type = OP_REG;
        ctxt->dst.bytes = ctxt->src.bytes;
        ctxt->dst.addr.reg = reg_rmw(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX);
        ctxt->dst.val = ~((ctxt->src.val >> (ctxt->src.bytes * 8 - 1)) - 1);

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_rdtsc(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u64 tsc = 0;

        ctxt->ops->get_msr(ctxt, MSR_IA32_TSC, &tsc);
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX) = (u32)tsc;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX) = tsc >> 32;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_rdpmc(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u64 pmc;

        if (ctxt->ops->read_pmc(ctxt, reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX), &pmc))
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX) = (u32)pmc;
        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX) = pmc >> 32;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_mov(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        memcpy(ctxt->dst.valptr, ctxt->src.valptr, ctxt->op_bytes);
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_cr_write(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        if (ctxt->ops->set_cr(ctxt, ctxt->modrm_reg, ctxt->src.val))
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);

        /* Disable writeback. */
        ctxt->dst.type = OP_NONE;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_dr_write(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        unsigned long val;

        if (ctxt->mode == X86EMUL_MODE_PROT64)
                val = ctxt->src.val & ~0ULL;
        else
                val = ctxt->src.val & ~0U;

        /* #UD condition is already handled. */
        if (ctxt->ops->set_dr(ctxt, ctxt->modrm_reg, val) < 0)
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);

        /* Disable writeback. */
        ctxt->dst.type = OP_NONE;
        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_wrmsr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u64 msr_data;

        msr_data = (u32)reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX)
                | ((u64)reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RDX) << 32);
        if (ctxt->ops->set_msr(ctxt, reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX), msr_data))
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);

        return X86EMUL_CONTINUE;
}

static int em_rdmsr(struct x86_emulate_ctxt *ctxt)
{
        u64 msr_data;

        if (ctxt->ops->get_msr(ctxt, reg_read(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RCX), &msr_data))
                return emulate_gp(ctxt, 0);

        *reg_write(ctxt, VCPU_REGS_RAX) = (u32)msr_data;