/*
 * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat. All rights reserved.
 *
 * This file is released under the GPL.
 */

#include "dm.h"
#include "dm-bio-prison-v2.h"
#include "dm-bio-record.h"
#include "dm-cache-metadata.h"

#include <linux/dm-io.h>
#include <linux/dm-kcopyd.h>
#include <linux/jiffies.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/mempool.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/rwsem.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>

#define DM_MSG_PREFIX "cache"

DECLARE_DM_KCOPYD_THROTTLE_WITH_MODULE_PARM(cache_copy_throttle,
        "A percentage of time allocated for copying to and/or from cache");

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Glossary:
 *
 * oblock: index of an origin block
 * cblock: index of a cache block
 * promotion: movement of a block from origin to cache
 * demotion: movement of a block from cache to origin
 * migration: movement of a block between the origin and cache device,
 *            either direction
 */

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

struct io_tracker {
        spinlock_t lock;

        /*
         * Sectors of in-flight IO.
         */
        sector_t in_flight;

        /*
         * The time, in jiffies, when this device became idle (if it is
         * indeed idle).
         */
        unsigned long idle_time;
        unsigned long last_update_time;
};

static void iot_init(struct io_tracker *iot)
{
        spin_lock_init(&iot->lock);
        iot->in_flight = 0ul;
        iot->idle_time = 0ul;
        iot->last_update_time = jiffies;
}

static bool __iot_idle_for(struct io_tracker *iot, unsigned long jifs)
{
        if (iot->in_flight)
                return false;

        return time_after(jiffies, iot->idle_time + jifs);
}

static bool iot_idle_for(struct io_tracker *iot, unsigned long jifs)
{
        bool r;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&iot->lock, flags);
        r = __iot_idle_for(iot, jifs);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&iot->lock, flags);

        return r;
}

static void iot_io_begin(struct io_tracker *iot, sector_t len)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&iot->lock, flags);
        iot->in_flight += len;
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&iot->lock, flags);
}

static void __iot_io_end(struct io_tracker *iot, sector_t len)
{
        if (!len)
                return;

        iot->in_flight -= len;
        if (!iot->in_flight)
                iot->idle_time = jiffies;
}

static void iot_io_end(struct io_tracker *iot, sector_t len)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&iot->lock, flags);
        __iot_io_end(iot, len);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&iot->lock, flags);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Represents a chunk of future work.  'input' allows continuations to pass
 * values between themselves, typically error values.
 */
struct continuation {
        struct work_struct ws;
        int input;
};

static inline void init_continuation(struct continuation *k,
                                     void (*fn)(struct work_struct *))
{
        INIT_WORK(&k->ws, fn);
        k->input = 0;
}

static inline void queue_continuation(struct workqueue_struct *wq,
                                      struct continuation *k)
{
        queue_work(wq, &k->ws);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * The batcher collects together pieces of work that need a particular
 * operation to occur before they can proceed (typically a commit).
 */
struct batcher {
        /*
         * The operation that everyone is waiting for.
         */
        int (*commit_op)(void *context);
        void *commit_context;

        /*
         * This is how bios should be issued once the commit op is complete
         * (accounted_request).
         */
        void (*issue_op)(struct bio *bio, void *context);
        void *issue_context;

        /*
         * Queued work gets put on here after commit.
         */
        struct workqueue_struct *wq;

        spinlock_t lock;
        struct list_head work_items;
        struct bio_list bios;
        struct work_struct commit_work;

        bool commit_scheduled;
};

static void __commit(struct work_struct *_ws)
{
        struct batcher *b = container_of(_ws, struct batcher, commit_work);

        int r;
        unsigned long flags;
        struct list_head work_items;
        struct work_struct *ws, *tmp;
        struct continuation *k;
        struct bio *bio;
        struct bio_list bios;

        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&work_items);
        bio_list_init(&bios);

        /*
         * We have to grab these before the commit_op to avoid a race
         * condition.
         */
        spin_lock_irqsave(&b->lock, flags);
        list_splice_init(&b->work_items, &work_items);
        bio_list_merge(&bios, &b->bios);
        bio_list_init(&b->bios);
        b->commit_scheduled = false;
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&b->lock, flags);

        r = b->commit_op(b->commit_context);

        list_for_each_entry_safe(ws, tmp, &work_items, entry) {
                k = container_of(ws, struct continuation, ws);
                k->input = r;
                INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ws->entry); /* to avoid a WARN_ON */
                queue_work(b->wq, ws);
        }

        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(&bios))) {
                if (r) {
                        bio->bi_error = r;
                        bio_endio(bio);
                } else
                        b->issue_op(bio, b->issue_context);
        }
}

static void batcher_init(struct batcher *b,
                         int (*commit_op)(void *),
                         void *commit_context,
                         void (*issue_op)(struct bio *bio, void *),
                         void *issue_context,
                         struct workqueue_struct *wq)
{
        b->commit_op = commit_op;
        b->commit_context = commit_context;
        b->issue_op = issue_op;
        b->issue_context = issue_context;
        b->wq = wq;

        spin_lock_init(&b->lock);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&b->work_items);
        bio_list_init(&b->bios);
        INIT_WORK(&b->commit_work, __commit);
        b->commit_scheduled = false;
}

static void async_commit(struct batcher *b)
{
        queue_work(b->wq, &b->commit_work);
}

static void continue_after_commit(struct batcher *b, struct continuation *k)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        bool commit_scheduled;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&b->lock, flags);
        commit_scheduled = b->commit_scheduled;
        list_add_tail(&k->ws.entry, &b->work_items);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&b->lock, flags);

        if (commit_scheduled)
                async_commit(b);
}

/*
 * Bios are errored if commit failed.
 */
static void issue_after_commit(struct batcher *b, struct bio *bio)
{
       unsigned long flags;
       bool commit_scheduled;

       spin_lock_irqsave(&b->lock, flags);
       commit_scheduled = b->commit_scheduled;
       bio_list_add(&b->bios, bio);
       spin_unlock_irqrestore(&b->lock, flags);

       if (commit_scheduled)
               async_commit(b);
}

/*
 * Call this if some urgent work is waiting for the commit to complete.
 */
static void schedule_commit(struct batcher *b)
{
        bool immediate;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&b->lock, flags);
        immediate = !list_empty(&b->work_items) || !bio_list_empty(&b->bios);
        b->commit_scheduled = true;
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&b->lock, flags);

        if (immediate)
                async_commit(b);
}

/*
 * There are a couple of places where we let a bio run, but want to do some
 * work before calling its endio function.  We do this by temporarily
 * changing the endio fn.
 */
struct dm_hook_info {
        bio_end_io_t *bi_end_io;
};

static void dm_hook_bio(struct dm_hook_info *h, struct bio *bio,
                        bio_end_io_t *bi_end_io, void *bi_private)
{
        h->bi_end_io = bio->bi_end_io;

        bio->bi_end_io = bi_end_io;
        bio->bi_private = bi_private;
}

static void dm_unhook_bio(struct dm_hook_info *h, struct bio *bio)
{
        bio->bi_end_io = h->bi_end_io;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

#define MIGRATION_POOL_SIZE 128
#define COMMIT_PERIOD HZ
#define MIGRATION_COUNT_WINDOW 10

/*
 * The block size of the device holding cache data must be
 * between 32KB and 1GB.
 */
#define DATA_DEV_BLOCK_SIZE_MIN_SECTORS (32 * 1024 >> SECTOR_SHIFT)
#define DATA_DEV_BLOCK_SIZE_MAX_SECTORS (1024 * 1024 * 1024 >> SECTOR_SHIFT)

enum cache_metadata_mode {
        CM_WRITE,               /* metadata may be changed */
        CM_READ_ONLY,           /* metadata may not be changed */
        CM_FAIL
};

enum cache_io_mode {
        /*
         * Data is written to cached blocks only.  These blocks are marked
         * dirty.  If you lose the cache device you will lose data.
         * Potential performance increase for both reads and writes.
         */
        CM_IO_WRITEBACK,

        /*
         * Data is written to both cache and origin.  Blocks are never
         * dirty.  Potential performance benfit for reads only.
         */
        CM_IO_WRITETHROUGH,

        /*
         * A degraded mode useful for various cache coherency situations
         * (eg, rolling back snapshots).  Reads and writes always go to the
         * origin.  If a write goes to a cached oblock, then the cache
         * block is invalidated.
         */
        CM_IO_PASSTHROUGH
};

struct cache_features {
        enum cache_metadata_mode mode;
        enum cache_io_mode io_mode;
        unsigned metadata_version;
};

struct cache_stats {
        atomic_t read_hit;
        atomic_t read_miss;
        atomic_t write_hit;
        atomic_t write_miss;
        atomic_t demotion;
        atomic_t promotion;
        atomic_t writeback;
        atomic_t copies_avoided;
        atomic_t cache_cell_clash;
        atomic_t commit_count;
        atomic_t discard_count;
};

struct cache {
        struct dm_target *ti;
        struct dm_target_callbacks callbacks;

        struct dm_cache_metadata *cmd;

        /*
         * Metadata is written to this device.
         */
        struct dm_dev *metadata_dev;

        /*
         * The slower of the two data devices.  Typically a spindle.
         */
        struct dm_dev *origin_dev;

        /*
         * The faster of the two data devices.  Typically an SSD.
         */
        struct dm_dev *cache_dev;

        /*
         * Size of the origin device in _complete_ blocks and native sectors.
         */
        dm_oblock_t origin_blocks;
        sector_t origin_sectors;

        /*
         * Size of the cache device in blocks.
         */
        dm_cblock_t cache_size;

        /*
         * Fields for converting from sectors to blocks.
         */
        sector_t sectors_per_block;
        int sectors_per_block_shift;

        spinlock_t lock;
        struct list_head deferred_cells;
        struct bio_list deferred_bios;
        struct bio_list deferred_writethrough_bios;
        sector_t migration_threshold;
        wait_queue_head_t migration_wait;
        atomic_t nr_allocated_migrations;

        /*
         * The number of in flight migrations that are performing
         * background io. eg, promotion, writeback.
         */
        atomic_t nr_io_migrations;

        struct rw_semaphore quiesce_lock;

        /*
         * cache_size entries, dirty if set
         */
        atomic_t nr_dirty;
        unsigned long *dirty_bitset;

        /*
         * origin_blocks entries, discarded if set.
         */
        dm_dblock_t discard_nr_blocks;
        unsigned long *discard_bitset;
        uint32_t discard_block_size; /* a power of 2 times sectors per block */

        /*
         * Rather than reconstructing the table line for the status we just
         * save it and regurgitate.
         */
        unsigned nr_ctr_args;
        const char **ctr_args;

        struct dm_kcopyd_client *copier;
        struct workqueue_struct *wq;
        struct work_struct deferred_bio_worker;
        struct work_struct deferred_writethrough_worker;
        struct work_struct migration_worker;
        struct delayed_work waker;
        struct dm_bio_prison_v2 *prison;

        mempool_t *migration_pool;

        struct dm_cache_policy *policy;
        unsigned policy_nr_args;

        bool need_tick_bio:1;
        bool sized:1;
        bool invalidate:1;
        bool commit_requested:1;
        bool loaded_mappings:1;
        bool loaded_discards:1;

        /*
         * Cache features such as write-through.
         */
        struct cache_features features;

        struct cache_stats stats;

        /*
         * Invalidation fields.
         */
        spinlock_t invalidation_lock;
        struct list_head invalidation_requests;

        struct io_tracker tracker;

        struct work_struct commit_ws;
        struct batcher committer;

        struct rw_semaphore background_work_lock;
};

struct per_bio_data {
        bool tick:1;
        unsigned req_nr:2;
        struct dm_bio_prison_cell_v2 *cell;
        struct dm_hook_info hook_info;
        sector_t len;

        /*
         * writethrough fields.  These MUST remain at the end of this
         * structure and the 'cache' member must be the first as it
         * is used to determine the offset of the writethrough fields.
         */
        struct cache *cache;
        dm_cblock_t cblock;
        struct dm_bio_details bio_details;
};

struct dm_cache_migration {
        struct continuation k;
        struct cache *cache;

        struct policy_work *op;
        struct bio *overwrite_bio;
        struct dm_bio_prison_cell_v2 *cell;

        dm_cblock_t invalidate_cblock;
        dm_oblock_t invalidate_oblock;
};

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static bool writethrough_mode(struct cache_features *f)
{
        return f->io_mode == CM_IO_WRITETHROUGH;
}

static bool writeback_mode(struct cache_features *f)
{
        return f->io_mode == CM_IO_WRITEBACK;
}

static inline bool passthrough_mode(struct cache_features *f)
{
        return unlikely(f->io_mode == CM_IO_PASSTHROUGH);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void wake_deferred_bio_worker(struct cache *cache)
{
        queue_work(cache->wq, &cache->deferred_bio_worker);
}

static void wake_deferred_writethrough_worker(struct cache *cache)
{
        queue_work(cache->wq, &cache->deferred_writethrough_worker);
}

static void wake_migration_worker(struct cache *cache)
{
        if (passthrough_mode(&cache->features))
                return;

        queue_work(cache->wq, &cache->migration_worker);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static struct dm_bio_prison_cell_v2 *alloc_prison_cell(struct cache *cache)
{
        return dm_bio_prison_alloc_cell_v2(cache->prison, GFP_NOWAIT);
}

static void free_prison_cell(struct cache *cache, struct dm_bio_prison_cell_v2 *cell)
{
        dm_bio_prison_free_cell_v2(cache->prison, cell);
}

static struct dm_cache_migration *alloc_migration(struct cache *cache)
{
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg;

        mg = mempool_alloc(cache->migration_pool, GFP_NOWAIT);
        if (mg) {
                mg->cache = cache;
                atomic_inc(&mg->cache->nr_allocated_migrations);
        }

        return mg;
}

static void free_migration(struct dm_cache_migration *mg)
{
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;

        if (atomic_dec_and_test(&cache->nr_allocated_migrations))
                wake_up(&cache->migration_wait);

        mempool_free(mg, cache->migration_pool);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static inline dm_oblock_t oblock_succ(dm_oblock_t b)
{
        return to_oblock(from_oblock(b) + 1ull);
}

static void build_key(dm_oblock_t begin, dm_oblock_t end, struct dm_cell_key_v2 *key)
{
        key->virtual = 0;
        key->dev = 0;
        key->block_begin = from_oblock(begin);
        key->block_end = from_oblock(end);
}

/*
 * We have two lock levels.  Level 0, which is used to prevent WRITEs, and
 * level 1 which prevents *both* READs and WRITEs.
 */
#define WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL 0
#define READ_WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL 1

static unsigned lock_level(struct bio *bio)
{
        return bio_data_dir(bio) == WRITE ?
                WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL :
                READ_WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------
 * Per bio data
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * If using writeback, leave out struct per_bio_data's writethrough fields.
 */
#define PB_DATA_SIZE_WB (offsetof(struct per_bio_data, cache))
#define PB_DATA_SIZE_WT (sizeof(struct per_bio_data))

static size_t get_per_bio_data_size(struct cache *cache)
{
        return writethrough_mode(&cache->features) ? PB_DATA_SIZE_WT : PB_DATA_SIZE_WB;
}

static struct per_bio_data *get_per_bio_data(struct bio *bio, size_t data_size)
{
        struct per_bio_data *pb = dm_per_bio_data(bio, data_size);
        BUG_ON(!pb);
        return pb;
}

static struct per_bio_data *init_per_bio_data(struct bio *bio, size_t data_size)
{
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, data_size);

        pb->tick = false;
        pb->req_nr = dm_bio_get_target_bio_nr(bio);
        pb->cell = NULL;
        pb->len = 0;

        return pb;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void defer_bio(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        bio_list_add(&cache->deferred_bios, bio);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);

        wake_deferred_bio_worker(cache);
}

static void defer_bios(struct cache *cache, struct bio_list *bios)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        bio_list_merge(&cache->deferred_bios, bios);
        bio_list_init(bios);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);

        wake_deferred_bio_worker(cache);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static bool bio_detain_shared(struct cache *cache, dm_oblock_t oblock, struct bio *bio)
{
        bool r;
        size_t pb_size;
        struct per_bio_data *pb;
        struct dm_cell_key_v2 key;
        dm_oblock_t end = to_oblock(from_oblock(oblock) + 1ULL);
        struct dm_bio_prison_cell_v2 *cell_prealloc, *cell;

        cell_prealloc = alloc_prison_cell(cache); /* FIXME: allow wait if calling from worker */
        if (!cell_prealloc) {
                defer_bio(cache, bio);
                return false;
        }

        build_key(oblock, end, &key);
        r = dm_cell_get_v2(cache->prison, &key, lock_level(bio), bio, cell_prealloc, &cell);
        if (!r) {
                /*
                 * Failed to get the lock.
                 */
                free_prison_cell(cache, cell_prealloc);
                return r;
        }

        if (cell != cell_prealloc)
                free_prison_cell(cache, cell_prealloc);

        pb_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_size);
        pb->cell = cell;

        return r;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static bool is_dirty(struct cache *cache, dm_cblock_t b)
{
        return test_bit(from_cblock(b), cache->dirty_bitset);
}

static void set_dirty(struct cache *cache, dm_cblock_t cblock)
{
        if (!test_and_set_bit(from_cblock(cblock), cache->dirty_bitset)) {
                atomic_inc(&cache->nr_dirty);
                policy_set_dirty(cache->policy, cblock);
        }
}

/*
 * These two are called when setting after migrations to force the policy
 * and dirty bitset to be in sync.
 */
static void force_set_dirty(struct cache *cache, dm_cblock_t cblock)
{
        if (!test_and_set_bit(from_cblock(cblock), cache->dirty_bitset))
                atomic_inc(&cache->nr_dirty);
        policy_set_dirty(cache->policy, cblock);
}

static void force_clear_dirty(struct cache *cache, dm_cblock_t cblock)
{
        if (test_and_clear_bit(from_cblock(cblock), cache->dirty_bitset)) {
                if (atomic_dec_return(&cache->nr_dirty) == 0)
                        dm_table_event(cache->ti->table);
        }

        policy_clear_dirty(cache->policy, cblock);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static bool block_size_is_power_of_two(struct cache *cache)
{
        return cache->sectors_per_block_shift >= 0;
}

/* gcc on ARM generates spurious references to __udivdi3 and __umoddi3 */
#if defined(CONFIG_ARM) && __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ <= 6
__always_inline
#endif
static dm_block_t block_div(dm_block_t b, uint32_t n)
{
        do_div(b, n);

        return b;
}

static dm_block_t oblocks_per_dblock(struct cache *cache)
{
        dm_block_t oblocks = cache->discard_block_size;

        if (block_size_is_power_of_two(cache))
                oblocks >>= cache->sectors_per_block_shift;
        else
                oblocks = block_div(oblocks, cache->sectors_per_block);

        return oblocks;
}

static dm_dblock_t oblock_to_dblock(struct cache *cache, dm_oblock_t oblock)
{
        return to_dblock(block_div(from_oblock(oblock),
                                   oblocks_per_dblock(cache)));
}

static void set_discard(struct cache *cache, dm_dblock_t b)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        BUG_ON(from_dblock(b) >= from_dblock(cache->discard_nr_blocks));
        atomic_inc(&cache->stats.discard_count);

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        set_bit(from_dblock(b), cache->discard_bitset);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);
}

static void clear_discard(struct cache *cache, dm_dblock_t b)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        clear_bit(from_dblock(b), cache->discard_bitset);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);
}

static bool is_discarded(struct cache *cache, dm_dblock_t b)
{
        int r;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        r = test_bit(from_dblock(b), cache->discard_bitset);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);

        return r;
}

static bool is_discarded_oblock(struct cache *cache, dm_oblock_t b)
{
        int r;
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        r = test_bit(from_dblock(oblock_to_dblock(cache, b)),
                     cache->discard_bitset);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);

        return r;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------
 * Remapping
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
static void remap_to_origin(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        bio->bi_bdev = cache->origin_dev->bdev;
}

static void remap_to_cache(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio,
                           dm_cblock_t cblock)
{
        sector_t bi_sector = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector;
        sector_t block = from_cblock(cblock);

        bio->bi_bdev = cache->cache_dev->bdev;
        if (!block_size_is_power_of_two(cache))
                bio->bi_iter.bi_sector =
                        (block * cache->sectors_per_block) +
                        sector_div(bi_sector, cache->sectors_per_block);
        else
                bio->bi_iter.bi_sector =
                        (block << cache->sectors_per_block_shift) |
                        (bi_sector & (cache->sectors_per_block - 1));
}

static void check_if_tick_bio_needed(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        unsigned long flags;
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        if (cache->need_tick_bio && !op_is_flush(bio->bi_opf) &&
            bio_op(bio) != REQ_OP_DISCARD) {
                pb->tick = true;
                cache->need_tick_bio = false;
        }
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);
}

static void remap_to_origin_clear_discard(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio,
                                          dm_oblock_t oblock)
{
        // FIXME: this is called way too much.
        check_if_tick_bio_needed(cache, bio);
        remap_to_origin(cache, bio);
        if (bio_data_dir(bio) == WRITE)
                clear_discard(cache, oblock_to_dblock(cache, oblock));
}

static void remap_to_cache_dirty(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio,
                                 dm_oblock_t oblock, dm_cblock_t cblock)
{
        check_if_tick_bio_needed(cache, bio);
        remap_to_cache(cache, bio, cblock);
        if (bio_data_dir(bio) == WRITE) {
                set_dirty(cache, cblock);
                clear_discard(cache, oblock_to_dblock(cache, oblock));
        }
}

static dm_oblock_t get_bio_block(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        sector_t block_nr = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector;

        if (!block_size_is_power_of_two(cache))
                (void) sector_div(block_nr, cache->sectors_per_block);
        else
                block_nr >>= cache->sectors_per_block_shift;

        return to_oblock(block_nr);
}

static bool accountable_bio(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        return bio_op(bio) != REQ_OP_DISCARD;
}

static void accounted_begin(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        if (accountable_bio(cache, bio)) {
                pb->len = bio_sectors(bio);
                iot_io_begin(&cache->tracker, pb->len);
        }
}

static void accounted_complete(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        iot_io_end(&cache->tracker, pb->len);
}

static void accounted_request(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        accounted_begin(cache, bio);
        generic_make_request(bio);
}

static void issue_op(struct bio *bio, void *context)
{
        struct cache *cache = context;
        accounted_request(cache, bio);
}

static void defer_writethrough_bio(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        bio_list_add(&cache->deferred_writethrough_bios, bio);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);

        wake_deferred_writethrough_worker(cache);
}

static void writethrough_endio(struct bio *bio)
{
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, PB_DATA_SIZE_WT);

        dm_unhook_bio(&pb->hook_info, bio);

        if (bio->bi_error) {
                bio_endio(bio);
                return;
        }

        dm_bio_restore(&pb->bio_details, bio);
        remap_to_cache(pb->cache, bio, pb->cblock);

        /*
         * We can't issue this bio directly, since we're in interrupt
         * context.  So it gets put on a bio list for processing by the
         * worker thread.
         */
        defer_writethrough_bio(pb->cache, bio);
}

/*
 * FIXME: send in parallel, huge latency as is.
 * When running in writethrough mode we need to send writes to clean blocks
 * to both the cache and origin devices.  In future we'd like to clone the
 * bio and send them in parallel, but for now we're doing them in
 * series as this is easier.
 */
static void remap_to_origin_then_cache(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio,
                                       dm_oblock_t oblock, dm_cblock_t cblock)
{
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, PB_DATA_SIZE_WT);

        pb->cache = cache;
        pb->cblock = cblock;
        dm_hook_bio(&pb->hook_info, bio, writethrough_endio, NULL);
        dm_bio_record(&pb->bio_details, bio);

        remap_to_origin_clear_discard(pb->cache, bio, oblock);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------
 * Failure modes
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/
static enum cache_metadata_mode get_cache_mode(struct cache *cache)
{
        return cache->features.mode;
}

static const char *cache_device_name(struct cache *cache)
{
        return dm_device_name(dm_table_get_md(cache->ti->table));
}

static void notify_mode_switch(struct cache *cache, enum cache_metadata_mode mode)
{
        const char *descs[] = {
                "write",
                "read-only",
                "fail"
        };

        dm_table_event(cache->ti->table);
        DMINFO("%s: switching cache to %s mode",
               cache_device_name(cache), descs[(int)mode]);
}

static void set_cache_mode(struct cache *cache, enum cache_metadata_mode new_mode)
{
        bool needs_check;
        enum cache_metadata_mode old_mode = get_cache_mode(cache);

        if (dm_cache_metadata_needs_check(cache->cmd, &needs_check)) {
                DMERR("%s: unable to read needs_check flag, setting failure mode.",
                      cache_device_name(cache));
                new_mode = CM_FAIL;
        }

        if (new_mode == CM_WRITE && needs_check) {
                DMERR("%s: unable to switch cache to write mode until repaired.",
                      cache_device_name(cache));
                if (old_mode != new_mode)
                        new_mode = old_mode;
                else
                        new_mode = CM_READ_ONLY;
        }

        /* Never move out of fail mode */
        if (old_mode == CM_FAIL)
                new_mode = CM_FAIL;

        switch (new_mode) {
        case CM_FAIL:
        case CM_READ_ONLY:
                dm_cache_metadata_set_read_only(cache->cmd);
                break;

        case CM_WRITE:
                dm_cache_metadata_set_read_write(cache->cmd);
                break;
        }

        cache->features.mode = new_mode;

        if (new_mode != old_mode)
                notify_mode_switch(cache, new_mode);
}

static void abort_transaction(struct cache *cache)
{
        const char *dev_name = cache_device_name(cache);

        if (get_cache_mode(cache) >= CM_READ_ONLY)
                return;

        if (dm_cache_metadata_set_needs_check(cache->cmd)) {
                DMERR("%s: failed to set 'needs_check' flag in metadata", dev_name);
                set_cache_mode(cache, CM_FAIL);
        }

        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: aborting current metadata transaction", dev_name);
        if (dm_cache_metadata_abort(cache->cmd)) {
                DMERR("%s: failed to abort metadata transaction", dev_name);
                set_cache_mode(cache, CM_FAIL);
        }
}

static void metadata_operation_failed(struct cache *cache, const char *op, int r)
{
        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: metadata operation '%s' failed: error = %d",
                    cache_device_name(cache), op, r);
        abort_transaction(cache);
        set_cache_mode(cache, CM_READ_ONLY);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void load_stats(struct cache *cache)
{
        struct dm_cache_statistics stats;

        dm_cache_metadata_get_stats(cache->cmd, &stats);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.read_hit, stats.read_hits);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.read_miss, stats.read_misses);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.write_hit, stats.write_hits);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.write_miss, stats.write_misses);
}

static void save_stats(struct cache *cache)
{
        struct dm_cache_statistics stats;

        if (get_cache_mode(cache) >= CM_READ_ONLY)
                return;

        stats.read_hits = atomic_read(&cache->stats.read_hit);
        stats.read_misses = atomic_read(&cache->stats.read_miss);
        stats.write_hits = atomic_read(&cache->stats.write_hit);
        stats.write_misses = atomic_read(&cache->stats.write_miss);

        dm_cache_metadata_set_stats(cache->cmd, &stats);
}

static void update_stats(struct cache_stats *stats, enum policy_operation op)
{
        switch (op) {
        case POLICY_PROMOTE:
                atomic_inc(&stats->promotion);
                break;

        case POLICY_DEMOTE:
                atomic_inc(&stats->demotion);
                break;

        case POLICY_WRITEBACK:
                atomic_inc(&stats->writeback);
                break;
        }
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------
 * Migration processing
 *
 * Migration covers moving data from the origin device to the cache, or
 * vice versa.
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void inc_io_migrations(struct cache *cache)
{
        atomic_inc(&cache->nr_io_migrations);
}

static void dec_io_migrations(struct cache *cache)
{
        atomic_dec(&cache->nr_io_migrations);
}

static bool discard_or_flush(struct bio *bio)
{
        return bio_op(bio) == REQ_OP_DISCARD || op_is_flush(bio->bi_opf);
}

static void calc_discard_block_range(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio,
                                     dm_dblock_t *b, dm_dblock_t *e)
{
        sector_t sb = bio->bi_iter.bi_sector;
        sector_t se = bio_end_sector(bio);

        *b = to_dblock(dm_sector_div_up(sb, cache->discard_block_size));

        if (se - sb < cache->discard_block_size)
                *e = *b;
        else
                *e = to_dblock(block_div(se, cache->discard_block_size));
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void prevent_background_work(struct cache *cache)
{
        lockdep_off();
        down_write(&cache->background_work_lock);
        lockdep_on();
}

static void allow_background_work(struct cache *cache)
{
        lockdep_off();
        up_write(&cache->background_work_lock);
        lockdep_on();
}

static bool background_work_begin(struct cache *cache)
{
        bool r;

        lockdep_off();
        r = down_read_trylock(&cache->background_work_lock);
        lockdep_on();

        return r;
}

static void background_work_end(struct cache *cache)
{
        lockdep_off();
        up_read(&cache->background_work_lock);
        lockdep_on();
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void quiesce(struct dm_cache_migration *mg,
                    void (*continuation)(struct work_struct *))
{
        init_continuation(&mg->k, continuation);
        dm_cell_quiesce_v2(mg->cache->prison, mg->cell, &mg->k.ws);
}

static struct dm_cache_migration *ws_to_mg(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        struct continuation *k = container_of(ws, struct continuation, ws);
        return container_of(k, struct dm_cache_migration, k);
}

static void copy_complete(int read_err, unsigned long write_err, void *context)
{
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = container_of(context, struct dm_cache_migration, k);

        if (read_err || write_err)
                mg->k.input = -EIO;

        queue_continuation(mg->cache->wq, &mg->k);
}

static int copy(struct dm_cache_migration *mg, bool promote)
{
        int r;
        struct dm_io_region o_region, c_region;
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;

        o_region.bdev = cache->origin_dev->bdev;
        o_region.sector = from_oblock(mg->op->oblock) * cache->sectors_per_block;
        o_region.count = cache->sectors_per_block;

        c_region.bdev = cache->cache_dev->bdev;
        c_region.sector = from_cblock(mg->op->cblock) * cache->sectors_per_block;
        c_region.count = cache->sectors_per_block;

        if (promote)
                r = dm_kcopyd_copy(cache->copier, &o_region, 1, &c_region, 0, copy_complete, &mg->k);
        else
                r = dm_kcopyd_copy(cache->copier, &c_region, 1, &o_region, 0, copy_complete, &mg->k);

        return r;
}

static void bio_drop_shared_lock(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        if (pb->cell && dm_cell_put_v2(cache->prison, pb->cell))
                free_prison_cell(cache, pb->cell);
        pb->cell = NULL;
}

static void overwrite_endio(struct bio *bio)
{
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = bio->bi_private;
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        dm_unhook_bio(&pb->hook_info, bio);

        if (bio->bi_error)
                mg->k.input = bio->bi_error;

        queue_continuation(mg->cache->wq, &mg->k);
}

static void overwrite(struct dm_cache_migration *mg,
                      void (*continuation)(struct work_struct *))
{
        struct bio *bio = mg->overwrite_bio;
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(mg->cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        dm_hook_bio(&pb->hook_info, bio, overwrite_endio, mg);

        /*
         * The overwrite bio is part of the copy operation, as such it does
         * not set/clear discard or dirty flags.
         */
        if (mg->op->op == POLICY_PROMOTE)
                remap_to_cache(mg->cache, bio, mg->op->cblock);
        else
                remap_to_origin(mg->cache, bio);

        init_continuation(&mg->k, continuation);
        accounted_request(mg->cache, bio);
}

/*
 * Migration steps:
 *
 * 1) exclusive lock preventing WRITEs
 * 2) quiesce
 * 3) copy or issue overwrite bio
 * 4) upgrade to exclusive lock preventing READs and WRITEs
 * 5) quiesce
 * 6) update metadata and commit
 * 7) unlock
 */
static void mg_complete(struct dm_cache_migration *mg, bool success)
{
        struct bio_list bios;
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;
        struct policy_work *op = mg->op;
        dm_cblock_t cblock = op->cblock;

        if (success)
                update_stats(&cache->stats, op->op);

        switch (op->op) {
        case POLICY_PROMOTE:
                clear_discard(cache, oblock_to_dblock(cache, op->oblock));
                policy_complete_background_work(cache->policy, op, success);

                if (mg->overwrite_bio) {
                        if (success)
                                force_set_dirty(cache, cblock);
                        else
                                mg->overwrite_bio->bi_error = (mg->k.input ? : -EIO);
                        bio_endio(mg->overwrite_bio);
                } else {
                        if (success)
                                force_clear_dirty(cache, cblock);
                        dec_io_migrations(cache);
                }
                break;

        case POLICY_DEMOTE:
                /*
                 * We clear dirty here to update the nr_dirty counter.
                 */
                if (success)
                        force_clear_dirty(cache, cblock);
                policy_complete_background_work(cache->policy, op, success);
                dec_io_migrations(cache);
                break;

        case POLICY_WRITEBACK:
                if (success)
                        force_clear_dirty(cache, cblock);
                policy_complete_background_work(cache->policy, op, success);
                dec_io_migrations(cache);
                break;
        }

        bio_list_init(&bios);
        if (mg->cell) {
                if (dm_cell_unlock_v2(cache->prison, mg->cell, &bios))
                        free_prison_cell(cache, mg->cell);
        }

        free_migration(mg);
        defer_bios(cache, &bios);
        wake_migration_worker(cache);

        background_work_end(cache);
}

static void mg_success(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = ws_to_mg(ws);
        mg_complete(mg, mg->k.input == 0);
}

static void mg_update_metadata(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        int r;
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = ws_to_mg(ws);
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;
        struct policy_work *op = mg->op;

        switch (op->op) {
        case POLICY_PROMOTE:
                r = dm_cache_insert_mapping(cache->cmd, op->cblock, op->oblock);
                if (r) {
                        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: migration failed; couldn't insert mapping",
                                    cache_device_name(cache));
                        metadata_operation_failed(cache, "dm_cache_insert_mapping", r);

                        mg_complete(mg, false);
                        return;
                }
                mg_complete(mg, true);
                break;

        case POLICY_DEMOTE:
                r = dm_cache_remove_mapping(cache->cmd, op->cblock);
                if (r) {
                        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: migration failed; couldn't update on disk metadata",
                                    cache_device_name(cache));
                        metadata_operation_failed(cache, "dm_cache_remove_mapping", r);

                        mg_complete(mg, false);
                        return;
                }

                /*
                 * It would be nice if we only had to commit when a REQ_FLUSH
                 * comes through.  But there's one scenario that we have to
                 * look out for:
                 *
                 * - vblock x in a cache block
                 * - domotion occurs
                 * - cache block gets reallocated and over written
                 * - crash
                 *
                 * When we recover, because there was no commit the cache will
                 * rollback to having the data for vblock x in the cache block.
                 * But the cache block has since been overwritten, so it'll end
                 * up pointing to data that was never in 'x' during the history
                 * of the device.
                 *
                 * To avoid this issue we require a commit as part of the
                 * demotion operation.
                 */
                init_continuation(&mg->k, mg_success);
                continue_after_commit(&cache->committer, &mg->k);
                schedule_commit(&cache->committer);
                break;

        case POLICY_WRITEBACK:
                mg_complete(mg, true);
                break;
        }
}

static void mg_update_metadata_after_copy(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = ws_to_mg(ws);

        /*
         * Did the copy succeed?
         */
        if (mg->k.input)
                mg_complete(mg, false);
        else
                mg_update_metadata(ws);
}

static void mg_upgrade_lock(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        int r;
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = ws_to_mg(ws);

        /*
         * Did the copy succeed?
         */
        if (mg->k.input)
                mg_complete(mg, false);

        else {
                /*
                 * Now we want the lock to prevent both reads and writes.
                 */
                r = dm_cell_lock_promote_v2(mg->cache->prison, mg->cell,
                                            READ_WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL);
                if (r < 0)
                        mg_complete(mg, false);

                else if (r)
                        quiesce(mg, mg_update_metadata);

                else
                        mg_update_metadata(ws);
        }
}

static void mg_copy(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        int r;
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = ws_to_mg(ws);

        if (mg->overwrite_bio) {
                /*
                 * It's safe to do this here, even though it's new data
                 * because all IO has been locked out of the block.
                 *
                 * mg_lock_writes() already took READ_WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL
                 * so _not_ using mg_upgrade_lock() as continutation.
                 */
                overwrite(mg, mg_update_metadata_after_copy);

        } else {
                struct cache *cache = mg->cache;
                struct policy_work *op = mg->op;
                bool is_policy_promote = (op->op == POLICY_PROMOTE);

                if ((!is_policy_promote && !is_dirty(cache, op->cblock)) ||
                    is_discarded_oblock(cache, op->oblock)) {
                        mg_upgrade_lock(ws);
                        return;
                }

                init_continuation(&mg->k, mg_upgrade_lock);

                r = copy(mg, is_policy_promote);
                if (r) {
                        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: migration copy failed", cache_device_name(cache));
                        mg->k.input = -EIO;
                        mg_complete(mg, false);
                }
        }
}

static int mg_lock_writes(struct dm_cache_migration *mg)
{
        int r;
        struct dm_cell_key_v2 key;
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;
        struct dm_bio_prison_cell_v2 *prealloc;

        prealloc = alloc_prison_cell(cache);
        if (!prealloc) {
                DMERR_LIMIT("%s: alloc_prison_cell failed", cache_device_name(cache));
                mg_complete(mg, false);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        /*
         * Prevent writes to the block, but allow reads to continue.
         * Unless we're using an overwrite bio, in which case we lock
         * everything.
         */
        build_key(mg->op->oblock, oblock_succ(mg->op->oblock), &key);
        r = dm_cell_lock_v2(cache->prison, &key,
                            mg->overwrite_bio ?  READ_WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL : WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL,
                            prealloc, &mg->cell);
        if (r < 0) {
                free_prison_cell(cache, prealloc);
                mg_complete(mg, false);
                return r;
        }

        if (mg->cell != prealloc)
                free_prison_cell(cache, prealloc);

        if (r == 0)
                mg_copy(&mg->k.ws);
        else
                quiesce(mg, mg_copy);

        return 0;
}

static int mg_start(struct cache *cache, struct policy_work *op, struct bio *bio)
{
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg;

        if (!background_work_begin(cache)) {
                policy_complete_background_work(cache->policy, op, false);
                return -EPERM;
        }

        mg = alloc_migration(cache);
        if (!mg) {
                policy_complete_background_work(cache->policy, op, false);
                background_work_end(cache);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        memset(mg, 0, sizeof(*mg));

        mg->cache = cache;
        mg->op = op;
        mg->overwrite_bio = bio;

        if (!bio)
                inc_io_migrations(cache);

        return mg_lock_writes(mg);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------
 * invalidation processing
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void invalidate_complete(struct dm_cache_migration *mg, bool success)
{
        struct bio_list bios;
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;

        bio_list_init(&bios);
        if (dm_cell_unlock_v2(cache->prison, mg->cell, &bios))
                free_prison_cell(cache, mg->cell);

        if (!success && mg->overwrite_bio)
                bio_io_error(mg->overwrite_bio);

        free_migration(mg);
        defer_bios(cache, &bios);

        background_work_end(cache);
}

static void invalidate_completed(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = ws_to_mg(ws);
        invalidate_complete(mg, !mg->k.input);
}

static int invalidate_cblock(struct cache *cache, dm_cblock_t cblock)
{
        int r = policy_invalidate_mapping(cache->policy, cblock);
        if (!r) {
                r = dm_cache_remove_mapping(cache->cmd, cblock);
                if (r) {
                        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: invalidation failed; couldn't update on disk metadata",
                                    cache_device_name(cache));
                        metadata_operation_failed(cache, "dm_cache_remove_mapping", r);
                }

        } else if (r == -ENODATA) {
                /*
                 * Harmless, already unmapped.
                 */
                r = 0;

        } else
                DMERR("%s: policy_invalidate_mapping failed", cache_device_name(cache));

        return r;
}

static void invalidate_remove(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        int r;
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg = ws_to_mg(ws);
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;

        r = invalidate_cblock(cache, mg->invalidate_cblock);
        if (r) {
                invalidate_complete(mg, false);
                return;
        }

        init_continuation(&mg->k, invalidate_completed);
        continue_after_commit(&cache->committer, &mg->k);
        remap_to_origin_clear_discard(cache, mg->overwrite_bio, mg->invalidate_oblock);
        mg->overwrite_bio = NULL;
        schedule_commit(&cache->committer);
}

static int invalidate_lock(struct dm_cache_migration *mg)
{
        int r;
        struct dm_cell_key_v2 key;
        struct cache *cache = mg->cache;
        struct dm_bio_prison_cell_v2 *prealloc;

        prealloc = alloc_prison_cell(cache);
        if (!prealloc) {
                invalidate_complete(mg, false);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        build_key(mg->invalidate_oblock, oblock_succ(mg->invalidate_oblock), &key);
        r = dm_cell_lock_v2(cache->prison, &key,
                            READ_WRITE_LOCK_LEVEL, prealloc, &mg->cell);
        if (r < 0) {
                free_prison_cell(cache, prealloc);
                invalidate_complete(mg, false);
                return r;
        }

        if (mg->cell != prealloc)
                free_prison_cell(cache, prealloc);

        if (r)
                quiesce(mg, invalidate_remove);

        else {
                /*
                 * We can't call invalidate_remove() directly here because we
                 * might still be in request context.
                 */
                init_continuation(&mg->k, invalidate_remove);
                queue_work(cache->wq, &mg->k.ws);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int invalidate_start(struct cache *cache, dm_cblock_t cblock,
                            dm_oblock_t oblock, struct bio *bio)
{
        struct dm_cache_migration *mg;

        if (!background_work_begin(cache))
                return -EPERM;

        mg = alloc_migration(cache);
        if (!mg) {
                background_work_end(cache);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        memset(mg, 0, sizeof(*mg));

        mg->cache = cache;
        mg->overwrite_bio = bio;
        mg->invalidate_cblock = cblock;
        mg->invalidate_oblock = oblock;

        return invalidate_lock(mg);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------
 * bio processing
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/

enum busy {
        IDLE,
        BUSY
};

static enum busy spare_migration_bandwidth(struct cache *cache)
{
        bool idle = iot_idle_for(&cache->tracker, HZ);
        sector_t current_volume = (atomic_read(&cache->nr_io_migrations) + 1) *
                cache->sectors_per_block;

        if (idle && current_volume <= cache->migration_threshold)
                return IDLE;
        else
                return BUSY;
}

static void inc_hit_counter(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        atomic_inc(bio_data_dir(bio) == READ ?
                   &cache->stats.read_hit : &cache->stats.write_hit);
}

static void inc_miss_counter(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        atomic_inc(bio_data_dir(bio) == READ ?
                   &cache->stats.read_miss : &cache->stats.write_miss);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static bool bio_writes_complete_block(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        return (bio_data_dir(bio) == WRITE) &&
                (bio->bi_iter.bi_size == (cache->sectors_per_block << SECTOR_SHIFT));
}

static bool optimisable_bio(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio, dm_oblock_t block)
{
        return writeback_mode(&cache->features) &&
                (is_discarded_oblock(cache, block) || bio_writes_complete_block(cache, bio));
}

static int map_bio(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio, dm_oblock_t block,
                   bool *commit_needed)
{
        int r, data_dir;
        bool rb, background_queued;
        dm_cblock_t cblock;
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        *commit_needed = false;

        rb = bio_detain_shared(cache, block, bio);
        if (!rb) {
                /*
                 * An exclusive lock is held for this block, so we have to
                 * wait.  We set the commit_needed flag so the current
                 * transaction will be committed asap, allowing this lock
                 * to be dropped.
                 */
                *commit_needed = true;
                return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
        }

        data_dir = bio_data_dir(bio);

        if (optimisable_bio(cache, bio, block)) {
                struct policy_work *op = NULL;

                r = policy_lookup_with_work(cache->policy, block, &cblock, data_dir, true, &op);
                if (unlikely(r && r != -ENOENT)) {
                        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: policy_lookup_with_work() failed with r = %d",
                                    cache_device_name(cache), r);
                        bio_io_error(bio);
                        return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
                }

                if (r == -ENOENT && op) {
                        bio_drop_shared_lock(cache, bio);
                        BUG_ON(op->op != POLICY_PROMOTE);
                        mg_start(cache, op, bio);
                        return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
                }
        } else {
                r = policy_lookup(cache->policy, block, &cblock, data_dir, false, &background_queued);
                if (unlikely(r && r != -ENOENT)) {
                        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: policy_lookup() failed with r = %d",
                                    cache_device_name(cache), r);
                        bio_io_error(bio);
                        return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
                }

                if (background_queued)
                        wake_migration_worker(cache);
        }

        if (r == -ENOENT) {
                /*
                 * Miss.
                 */
                inc_miss_counter(cache, bio);
                if (pb->req_nr == 0) {
                        accounted_begin(cache, bio);
                        remap_to_origin_clear_discard(cache, bio, block);

                } else {
                        /*
                         * This is a duplicate writethrough io that is no
                         * longer needed because the block has been demoted.
                         */
                        bio_endio(bio);
                        return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
                }
        } else {
                /*
                 * Hit.
                 */
                inc_hit_counter(cache, bio);

                /*
                 * Passthrough always maps to the origin, invalidating any
                 * cache blocks that are written to.
                 */
                if (passthrough_mode(&cache->features)) {
                        if (bio_data_dir(bio) == WRITE) {
                                bio_drop_shared_lock(cache, bio);
                                atomic_inc(&cache->stats.demotion);
                                invalidate_start(cache, cblock, block, bio);
                        } else
                                remap_to_origin_clear_discard(cache, bio, block);

                } else {
                        if (bio_data_dir(bio) == WRITE && writethrough_mode(&cache->features) &&
                            !is_dirty(cache, cblock)) {
                                remap_to_origin_then_cache(cache, bio, block, cblock);
                                accounted_begin(cache, bio);
                        } else
                                remap_to_cache_dirty(cache, bio, block, cblock);
                }
        }

        /*
         * dm core turns FUA requests into a separate payload and FLUSH req.
         */
        if (bio->bi_opf & REQ_FUA) {
                /*
                 * issue_after_commit will call accounted_begin a second time.  So
                 * we call accounted_complete() to avoid double accounting.
                 */
                accounted_complete(cache, bio);
                issue_after_commit(&cache->committer, bio);
                *commit_needed = true;
                return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
        }

        return DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;
}

static bool process_bio(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        bool commit_needed;

        if (map_bio(cache, bio, get_bio_block(cache, bio), &commit_needed) == DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED)
                generic_make_request(bio);

        return commit_needed;
}

/*
 * A non-zero return indicates read_only or fail_io mode.
 */
static int commit(struct cache *cache, bool clean_shutdown)
{
        int r;

        if (get_cache_mode(cache) >= CM_READ_ONLY)
                return -EINVAL;

        atomic_inc(&cache->stats.commit_count);
        r = dm_cache_commit(cache->cmd, clean_shutdown);
        if (r)
                metadata_operation_failed(cache, "dm_cache_commit", r);

        return r;
}

/*
 * Used by the batcher.
 */
static int commit_op(void *context)
{
        struct cache *cache = context;

        if (dm_cache_changed_this_transaction(cache->cmd))
                return commit(cache, false);

        return 0;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static bool process_flush_bio(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        if (!pb->req_nr)
                remap_to_origin(cache, bio);
        else
                remap_to_cache(cache, bio, 0);

        issue_after_commit(&cache->committer, bio);
        return true;
}

static bool process_discard_bio(struct cache *cache, struct bio *bio)
{
        dm_dblock_t b, e;

        // FIXME: do we need to lock the region?  Or can we just assume the
        // user wont be so foolish as to issue discard concurrently with
        // other IO?
        calc_discard_block_range(cache, bio, &b, &e);
        while (b != e) {
                set_discard(cache, b);
                b = to_dblock(from_dblock(b) + 1);
        }

        bio_endio(bio);

        return false;
}

static void process_deferred_bios(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        struct cache *cache = container_of(ws, struct cache, deferred_bio_worker);

        unsigned long flags;
        bool commit_needed = false;
        struct bio_list bios;
        struct bio *bio;

        bio_list_init(&bios);

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        bio_list_merge(&bios, &cache->deferred_bios);
        bio_list_init(&cache->deferred_bios);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);

        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(&bios))) {
                if (bio->bi_opf & REQ_PREFLUSH)
                        commit_needed = process_flush_bio(cache, bio) || commit_needed;

                else if (bio_op(bio) == REQ_OP_DISCARD)
                        commit_needed = process_discard_bio(cache, bio) || commit_needed;

                else
                        commit_needed = process_bio(cache, bio) || commit_needed;
        }

        if (commit_needed)
                schedule_commit(&cache->committer);
}

static void process_deferred_writethrough_bios(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        struct cache *cache = container_of(ws, struct cache, deferred_writethrough_worker);

        unsigned long flags;
        struct bio_list bios;
        struct bio *bio;

        bio_list_init(&bios);

        spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
        bio_list_merge(&bios, &cache->deferred_writethrough_bios);
        bio_list_init(&cache->deferred_writethrough_bios);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);

        /*

         * These bios have already been through accounted_begin()
         */
        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(&bios)))
                generic_make_request(bio);
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------
 * Main worker loop
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/

static void requeue_deferred_bios(struct cache *cache)
{
        struct bio *bio;
        struct bio_list bios;

        bio_list_init(&bios);
        bio_list_merge(&bios, &cache->deferred_bios);
        bio_list_init(&cache->deferred_bios);

        while ((bio = bio_list_pop(&bios))) {
                bio->bi_error = DM_ENDIO_REQUEUE;
                bio_endio(bio);
        }
}

/*
 * We want to commit periodically so that not too much
 * unwritten metadata builds up.
 */
static void do_waker(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        struct cache *cache = container_of(to_delayed_work(ws), struct cache, waker);

        policy_tick(cache->policy, true);
        wake_migration_worker(cache);
        schedule_commit(&cache->committer);
        queue_delayed_work(cache->wq, &cache->waker, COMMIT_PERIOD);
}

static void check_migrations(struct work_struct *ws)
{
        int r;
        struct policy_work *op;
        struct cache *cache = container_of(ws, struct cache, migration_worker);
        enum busy b;

        for (;;) {
                b = spare_migration_bandwidth(cache);

                r = policy_get_background_work(cache->policy, b == IDLE, &op);
                if (r == -ENODATA)
                        break;

                if (r) {
                        DMERR_LIMIT("%s: policy_background_work failed",
                                    cache_device_name(cache));
                        break;
                }

                r = mg_start(cache, op, NULL);
                if (r)
                        break;
        }
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------
 * Target methods
 *--------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * This function gets called on the error paths of the constructor, so we
 * have to cope with a partially initialised struct.
 */
static void destroy(struct cache *cache)
{
        unsigned i;

        mempool_destroy(cache->migration_pool);

        if (cache->prison)
                dm_bio_prison_destroy_v2(cache->prison);

        if (cache->wq)
                destroy_workqueue(cache->wq);

        if (cache->dirty_bitset)
                free_bitset(cache->dirty_bitset);

        if (cache->discard_bitset)
                free_bitset(cache->discard_bitset);

        if (cache->copier)
                dm_kcopyd_client_destroy(cache->copier);

        if (cache->cmd)
                dm_cache_metadata_close(cache->cmd);

        if (cache->metadata_dev)
                dm_put_device(cache->ti, cache->metadata_dev);

        if (cache->origin_dev)
                dm_put_device(cache->ti, cache->origin_dev);

        if (cache->cache_dev)
                dm_put_device(cache->ti, cache->cache_dev);

        if (cache->policy)
                dm_cache_policy_destroy(cache->policy);

        for (i = 0; i < cache->nr_ctr_args ; i++)
                kfree(cache->ctr_args[i]);
        kfree(cache->ctr_args);

        kfree(cache);
}

static void cache_dtr(struct dm_target *ti)
{
        struct cache *cache = ti->private;

        destroy(cache);
}

static sector_t get_dev_size(struct dm_dev *dev)
{
        return i_size_read(dev->bdev->bd_inode) >> SECTOR_SHIFT;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

/*
 * Construct a cache device mapping.
 *
 * cache <metadata dev> <cache dev> <origin dev> <block size>
 *       <#feature args> [<feature arg>]*
 *       <policy> <#policy args> [<policy arg>]*
 *
 * metadata dev    : fast device holding the persistent metadata
 * cache dev       : fast device holding cached data blocks
 * origin dev      : slow device holding original data blocks
 * block size      : cache unit size in sectors
 *
 * #feature args   : number of feature arguments passed
 * feature args    : writethrough.  (The default is writeback.)
 *
 * policy          : the replacement policy to use
 * #policy args    : an even number of policy arguments corresponding
 *                   to key/value pairs passed to the policy
 * policy args     : key/value pairs passed to the policy
 *                   E.g. 'sequential_threshold 1024'
 *                   See cache-policies.txt for details.
 *
 * Optional feature arguments are:
 *   writethrough  : write through caching that prohibits cache block
 *                   content from being different from origin block content.
 *                   Without this argument, the default behaviour is to write
 *                   back cache block contents later for performance reasons,
 *                   so they may differ from the corresponding origin blocks.
 */
struct cache_args {
        struct dm_target *ti;

        struct dm_dev *metadata_dev;

        struct dm_dev *cache_dev;
        sector_t cache_sectors;

        struct dm_dev *origin_dev;
        sector_t origin_sectors;

        uint32_t block_size;

        const char *policy_name;
        int policy_argc;
        const char **policy_argv;

        struct cache_features features;
};

static void destroy_cache_args(struct cache_args *ca)
{
        if (ca->metadata_dev)
                dm_put_device(ca->ti, ca->metadata_dev);

        if (ca->cache_dev)
                dm_put_device(ca->ti, ca->cache_dev);

        if (ca->origin_dev)
                dm_put_device(ca->ti, ca->origin_dev);

        kfree(ca);
}

static bool at_least_one_arg(struct dm_arg_set *as, char **error)
{
        if (!as->argc) {
                *error = "Insufficient args";
                return false;
        }

        return true;
}

static int parse_metadata_dev(struct cache_args *ca, struct dm_arg_set *as,
                              char **error)
{
        int r;
        sector_t metadata_dev_size;
        char b[BDEVNAME_SIZE];

        if (!at_least_one_arg(as, error))
                return -EINVAL;

        r = dm_get_device(ca->ti, dm_shift_arg(as), FMODE_READ | FMODE_WRITE,
                          &ca->metadata_dev);
        if (r) {
                *error = "Error opening metadata device";
                return r;
        }

        metadata_dev_size = get_dev_size(ca->metadata_dev);
        if (metadata_dev_size > DM_CACHE_METADATA_MAX_SECTORS_WARNING)
                DMWARN("Metadata device %s is larger than %u sectors: excess space will not be used.",
                       bdevname(ca->metadata_dev->bdev, b), THIN_METADATA_MAX_SECTORS);

        return 0;
}

static int parse_cache_dev(struct cache_args *ca, struct dm_arg_set *as,
                           char **error)
{
        int r;

        if (!at_least_one_arg(as, error))
                return -EINVAL;

        r = dm_get_device(ca->ti, dm_shift_arg(as), FMODE_READ | FMODE_WRITE,
                          &ca->cache_dev);
        if (r) {
                *error = "Error opening cache device";
                return r;
        }
        ca->cache_sectors = get_dev_size(ca->cache_dev);

        return 0;
}

static int parse_origin_dev(struct cache_args *ca, struct dm_arg_set *as,
                            char **error)
{
        int r;

        if (!at_least_one_arg(as, error))
                return -EINVAL;

        r = dm_get_device(ca->ti, dm_shift_arg(as), FMODE_READ | FMODE_WRITE,
                          &ca->origin_dev);
        if (r) {
                *error = "Error opening origin device";
                return r;
        }

        ca->origin_sectors = get_dev_size(ca->origin_dev);
        if (ca->ti->len > ca->origin_sectors) {
                *error = "Device size larger than cached device";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return 0;
}

static int parse_block_size(struct cache_args *ca, struct dm_arg_set *as,
                            char **error)
{
        unsigned long block_size;

        if (!at_least_one_arg(as, error))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (kstrtoul(dm_shift_arg(as), 10, &block_size) || !block_size ||
            block_size < DATA_DEV_BLOCK_SIZE_MIN_SECTORS ||
            block_size > DATA_DEV_BLOCK_SIZE_MAX_SECTORS ||
            block_size & (DATA_DEV_BLOCK_SIZE_MIN_SECTORS - 1)) {
                *error = "Invalid data block size";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        if (block_size > ca->cache_sectors) {
                *error = "Data block size is larger than the cache device";
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        ca->block_size = block_size;

        return 0;
}

static void init_features(struct cache_features *cf)
{
        cf->mode = CM_WRITE;
        cf->io_mode = CM_IO_WRITEBACK;
        cf->metadata_version = 1;
}

static int parse_features(struct cache_args *ca, struct dm_arg_set *as,
                          char **error)
{
        static struct dm_arg _args[] = {
                {0, 2, "Invalid number of cache feature arguments"},
        };

        int r;
        unsigned argc;
        const char *arg;
        struct cache_features *cf = &ca->features;

        init_features(cf);

        r = dm_read_arg_group(_args, as, &argc, error);
        if (r)
                return -EINVAL;

        while (argc--) {
                arg = dm_shift_arg(as);

                if (!strcasecmp(arg, "writeback"))
                        cf->io_mode = CM_IO_WRITEBACK;

                else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "writethrough"))
                        cf->io_mode = CM_IO_WRITETHROUGH;

                else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "passthrough"))
                        cf->io_mode = CM_IO_PASSTHROUGH;

                else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "metadata2"))
                        cf->metadata_version = 2;

                else {
                        *error = "Unrecognised cache feature requested";
                        return -EINVAL;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static int parse_policy(struct cache_args *ca, struct dm_arg_set *as,
                        char **error)
{
        static struct dm_arg _args[] = {
                {0, 1024, "Invalid number of policy arguments"},
        };

        int r;

        if (!at_least_one_arg(as, error))
                return -EINVAL;

        ca->policy_name = dm_shift_arg(as);

        r = dm_read_arg_group(_args, as, &ca->policy_argc, error);
        if (r)
                return -EINVAL;

        ca->policy_argv = (const char **)as->argv;
        dm_consume_args(as, ca->policy_argc);

        return 0;
}

static int parse_cache_args(struct cache_args *ca, int argc, char **argv,
                            char **error)
{
        int r;
        struct dm_arg_set as;

        as.argc = argc;
        as.argv = argv;

        r = parse_metadata_dev(ca, &as, error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        r = parse_cache_dev(ca, &as, error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        r = parse_origin_dev(ca, &as, error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        r = parse_block_size(ca, &as, error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        r = parse_features(ca, &as, error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        r = parse_policy(ca, &as, error);
        if (r)
                return r;

        return 0;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static struct kmem_cache *migration_cache;

#define NOT_CORE_OPTION 1

static int process_config_option(struct cache *cache, const char *key, const char *value)
{
        unsigned long tmp;

        if (!strcasecmp(key, "migration_threshold")) {
                if (kstrtoul(value, 10, &tmp))
                        return -EINVAL;

                cache->migration_threshold = tmp;
                return 0;
        }

        return NOT_CORE_OPTION;
}

static int set_config_value(struct cache *cache, const char *key, const char *value)
{
        int r = process_config_option(cache, key, value);

        if (r == NOT_CORE_OPTION)
                r = policy_set_config_value(cache->policy, key, value);

        if (r)
                DMWARN("bad config value for %s: %s", key, value);

        return r;
}

static int set_config_values(struct cache *cache, int argc, const char **argv)
{
        int r = 0;

        if (argc & 1) {
                DMWARN("Odd number of policy arguments given but they should be <key> <value> pairs.");
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        while (argc) {
                r = set_config_value(cache, argv[0], argv[1]);
                if (r)
                        break;

                argc -= 2;
                argv += 2;
        }

        return r;
}

static int create_cache_policy(struct cache *cache, struct cache_args *ca,
                               char **error)
{
        struct dm_cache_policy *p = dm_cache_policy_create(ca->policy_name,
                                                           cache->cache_size,
                                                           cache->origin_sectors,
                                                           cache->sectors_per_block);
        if (IS_ERR(p)) {
                *error = "Error creating cache's policy";
                return PTR_ERR(p);
        }
        cache->policy = p;
        BUG_ON(!cache->policy);

        return 0;
}

/*
 * We want the discard block size to be at least the size of the cache
 * block size and have no more than 2^14 discard blocks across the origin.
 */
#define MAX_DISCARD_BLOCKS (1 << 14)

static bool too_many_discard_blocks(sector_t discard_block_size,
                                    sector_t origin_size)
{
        (void) sector_div(origin_size, discard_block_size);

        return origin_size > MAX_DISCARD_BLOCKS;
}

static sector_t calculate_discard_block_size(sector_t cache_block_size,
                                             sector_t origin_size)
{
        sector_t discard_block_size = cache_block_size;

        if (origin_size)
                while (too_many_discard_blocks(discard_block_size, origin_size))
                        discard_block_size *= 2;

        return discard_block_size;
}

static void set_cache_size(struct cache *cache, dm_cblock_t size)
{
        dm_block_t nr_blocks = from_cblock(size);

        if (nr_blocks > (1 << 20) && cache->cache_size != size)
                DMWARN_LIMIT("You have created a cache device with a lot of individual cache blocks (%llu)\n"
                             "All these mappings can consume a lot of kernel memory, and take some time to read/write.\n"
                             "Please consider increasing the cache block size to reduce the overall cache block count.",
                             (unsigned long long) nr_blocks);

        cache->cache_size = size;
}

static int is_congested(struct dm_dev *dev, int bdi_bits)
{
        struct request_queue *q = bdev_get_queue(dev->bdev);
        return bdi_congested(q->backing_dev_info, bdi_bits);
}

static int cache_is_congested(struct dm_target_callbacks *cb, int bdi_bits)
{
        struct cache *cache = container_of(cb, struct cache, callbacks);

        return is_congested(cache->origin_dev, bdi_bits) ||
                is_congested(cache->cache_dev, bdi_bits);
}

#define DEFAULT_MIGRATION_THRESHOLD 2048

static int cache_create(struct cache_args *ca, struct cache **result)
{
        int r = 0;
        char **error = &ca->ti->error;
        struct cache *cache;
        struct dm_target *ti = ca->ti;
        dm_block_t origin_blocks;
        struct dm_cache_metadata *cmd;
        bool may_format = ca->features.mode == CM_WRITE;

        cache = kzalloc(sizeof(*cache), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!cache)
                return -ENOMEM;

        cache->ti = ca->ti;
        ti->private = cache;
        ti->num_flush_bios = 2;
        ti->flush_supported = true;

        ti->num_discard_bios = 1;
        ti->discards_supported = true;
        ti->split_discard_bios = false;

        cache->features = ca->features;
        ti->per_io_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);

        cache->callbacks.congested_fn = cache_is_congested;
        dm_table_add_target_callbacks(ti->table, &cache->callbacks);

        cache->metadata_dev = ca->metadata_dev;
        cache->origin_dev = ca->origin_dev;
        cache->cache_dev = ca->cache_dev;

        ca->metadata_dev = ca->origin_dev = ca->cache_dev = NULL;

        origin_blocks = cache->origin_sectors = ca->origin_sectors;
        origin_blocks = block_div(origin_blocks, ca->block_size);
        cache->origin_blocks = to_oblock(origin_blocks);

        cache->sectors_per_block = ca->block_size;
        if (dm_set_target_max_io_len(ti, cache->sectors_per_block)) {
                r = -EINVAL;
                goto bad;
        }

        if (ca->block_size & (ca->block_size - 1)) {
                dm_block_t cache_size = ca->cache_sectors;

                cache->sectors_per_block_shift = -1;
                cache_size = block_div(cache_size, ca->block_size);
                set_cache_size(cache, to_cblock(cache_size));
        } else {
                cache->sectors_per_block_shift = __ffs(ca->block_size);
                set_cache_size(cache, to_cblock(ca->cache_sectors >> cache->sectors_per_block_shift));
        }

        r = create_cache_policy(cache, ca, error);
        if (r)
                goto bad;

        cache->policy_nr_args = ca->policy_argc;
        cache->migration_threshold = DEFAULT_MIGRATION_THRESHOLD;

        r = set_config_values(cache, ca->policy_argc, ca->policy_argv);
        if (r) {
                *error = "Error setting cache policy's config values";
                goto bad;
        }

        cmd = dm_cache_metadata_open(cache->metadata_dev->bdev,
                                     ca->block_size, may_format,
                                     dm_cache_policy_get_hint_size(cache->policy),
                                     ca->features.metadata_version);
        if (IS_ERR(cmd)) {
                *error = "Error creating metadata object";
                r = PTR_ERR(cmd);
                goto bad;
        }
        cache->cmd = cmd;
        set_cache_mode(cache, CM_WRITE);
        if (get_cache_mode(cache) != CM_WRITE) {
                *error = "Unable to get write access to metadata, please check/repair metadata.";
                r = -EINVAL;
                goto bad;
        }

        if (passthrough_mode(&cache->features)) {
                bool all_clean;

                r = dm_cache_metadata_all_clean(cache->cmd, &all_clean);
                if (r) {
                        *error = "dm_cache_metadata_all_clean() failed";
                        goto bad;
                }

                if (!all_clean) {
                        *error = "Cannot enter passthrough mode unless all blocks are clean";
                        r = -EINVAL;
                        goto bad;
                }

                policy_allow_migrations(cache->policy, false);
        }

        spin_lock_init(&cache->lock);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cache->deferred_cells);
        bio_list_init(&cache->deferred_bios);
        bio_list_init(&cache->deferred_writethrough_bios);
        atomic_set(&cache->nr_allocated_migrations, 0);
        atomic_set(&cache->nr_io_migrations, 0);
        init_waitqueue_head(&cache->migration_wait);

        r = -ENOMEM;
        atomic_set(&cache->nr_dirty, 0);
        cache->dirty_bitset = alloc_bitset(from_cblock(cache->cache_size));
        if (!cache->dirty_bitset) {
                *error = "could not allocate dirty bitset";
                goto bad;
        }
        clear_bitset(cache->dirty_bitset, from_cblock(cache->cache_size));

        cache->discard_block_size =
                calculate_discard_block_size(cache->sectors_per_block,
                                             cache->origin_sectors);
        cache->discard_nr_blocks = to_dblock(dm_sector_div_up(cache->origin_sectors,
                                                              cache->discard_block_size));
        cache->discard_bitset = alloc_bitset(from_dblock(cache->discard_nr_blocks));
        if (!cache->discard_bitset) {
                *error = "could not allocate discard bitset";
                goto bad;
        }
        clear_bitset(cache->discard_bitset, from_dblock(cache->discard_nr_blocks));

        cache->copier = dm_kcopyd_client_create(&dm_kcopyd_throttle);
        if (IS_ERR(cache->copier)) {
                *error = "could not create kcopyd client";
                r = PTR_ERR(cache->copier);
                goto bad;
        }

        cache->wq = alloc_workqueue("dm-" DM_MSG_PREFIX, WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, 0);
        if (!cache->wq) {
                *error = "could not create workqueue for metadata object";
                goto bad;
        }
        INIT_WORK(&cache->deferred_bio_worker, process_deferred_bios);
        INIT_WORK(&cache->deferred_writethrough_worker,
                  process_deferred_writethrough_bios);
        INIT_WORK(&cache->migration_worker, check_migrations);
        INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&cache->waker, do_waker);

        cache->prison = dm_bio_prison_create_v2(cache->wq);
        if (!cache->prison) {
                *error = "could not create bio prison";
                goto bad;
        }

        cache->migration_pool = mempool_create_slab_pool(MIGRATION_POOL_SIZE,
                                                         migration_cache);
        if (!cache->migration_pool) {
                *error = "Error creating cache's migration mempool";
                goto bad;
        }

        cache->need_tick_bio = true;
        cache->sized = false;
        cache->invalidate = false;
        cache->commit_requested = false;
        cache->loaded_mappings = false;
        cache->loaded_discards = false;

        load_stats(cache);

        atomic_set(&cache->stats.demotion, 0);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.promotion, 0);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.copies_avoided, 0);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.cache_cell_clash, 0);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.commit_count, 0);
        atomic_set(&cache->stats.discard_count, 0);

        spin_lock_init(&cache->invalidation_lock);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cache->invalidation_requests);

        batcher_init(&cache->committer, commit_op, cache,
                     issue_op, cache, cache->wq);
        iot_init(&cache->tracker);

        init_rwsem(&cache->background_work_lock);
        prevent_background_work(cache);

        *result = cache;
        return 0;
bad:
        destroy(cache);
        return r;
}

static int copy_ctr_args(struct cache *cache, int argc, const char **argv)
{
        unsigned i;
        const char **copy;

        copy = kcalloc(argc, sizeof(*copy), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!copy)
                return -ENOMEM;
        for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
                copy[i] = kstrdup(argv[i], GFP_KERNEL);
                if (!copy[i]) {
                        while (i--)
                                kfree(copy[i]);
                        kfree(copy);
                        return -ENOMEM;
                }
        }

        cache->nr_ctr_args = argc;
        cache->ctr_args = copy;

        return 0;
}

static int cache_ctr(struct dm_target *ti, unsigned argc, char **argv)
{
        int r = -EINVAL;
        struct cache_args *ca;
        struct cache *cache = NULL;

        ca = kzalloc(sizeof(*ca), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!ca) {
                ti->error = "Error allocating memory for cache";
                return -ENOMEM;
        }
        ca->ti = ti;

        r = parse_cache_args(ca, argc, argv, &ti->error);
        if (r)
                goto out;

        r = cache_create(ca, &cache);
        if (r)
                goto out;

        r = copy_ctr_args(cache, argc - 3, (const char **)argv + 3);
        if (r) {
                destroy(cache);
                goto out;
        }

        ti->private = cache;
out:
        destroy_cache_args(ca);
        return r;
}

/*----------------------------------------------------------------*/

static int cache_map(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio)
{
        struct cache *cache = ti->private;

        int r;
        bool commit_needed;
        dm_oblock_t block = get_bio_block(cache, bio);
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);

        init_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);
        if (unlikely(from_oblock(block) >= from_oblock(cache->origin_blocks))) {
                /*
                 * This can only occur if the io goes to a partial block at
                 * the end of the origin device.  We don't cache these.
                 * Just remap to the origin and carry on.
                 */
                remap_to_origin(cache, bio);
                accounted_begin(cache, bio);
                return DM_MAPIO_REMAPPED;
        }

        if (discard_or_flush(bio)) {
                defer_bio(cache, bio);
                return DM_MAPIO_SUBMITTED;
        }

        r = map_bio(cache, bio, block, &commit_needed);
        if (commit_needed)
                schedule_commit(&cache->committer);

        return r;
}

static int cache_end_io(struct dm_target *ti, struct bio *bio, int error)
{
        struct cache *cache = ti->private;
        unsigned long flags;
        size_t pb_data_size = get_per_bio_data_size(cache);
        struct per_bio_data *pb = get_per_bio_data(bio, pb_data_size);

        if (pb->tick) {
                policy_tick(cache->policy, false);

                spin_lock_irqsave(&cache->lock, flags);
                cache->need_tick_bio = true;
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&cache->lock, flags);
        }

        bio_drop_shared_lock(cache, bio);
        accounted_complete(cache, bio);

        return 0;
}

static int write_dirty_bitset(struct cache *cache)
{
        int r;

        if (get_cache_mode(cache) >= CM_READ_ONLY)
                return -EINVAL;

        r = dm_cache_set_dirty_bits(cache->cmd, from_cblock(cache->cache_size), cache->dirty_bitset);
        if (r)
                metadata_operation_failed(cache, "dm_cache_set_dirty_bits", r);

        return r;
}

static int write_discard_bitset(struct cache *cache)
{
        unsigned i, r;

        if (get_cache_mode(cache) >= CM_READ_ONLY)
                return -EINVAL;

        r = dm_cache_discard_bitset_resize(cache->cmd, cache->discard_block_size,
                                           cache->discard_nr_blocks);
        if (r) {
                DMERR("%s: could not resize on-disk discard bitset", cache_device_name(cache));
                metadata_operation_failed(cache, "dm_cache_discard_bitset_resize", r);
                return r;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < from_dblock(cache->discard_nr_blocks); i++) {
                r = dm_cache_set_discard(cache->cmd, to_dblock(i),
                                         is_discarded(cache, to_dblock(i)));
                if (r) {
                        metadata_operation_failed(cache, "dm_cache_set_discard", r);
                        return r;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static int write_hints(struct cache *cache)
{
        int r;

        if (get_cache_mode(cache) >= CM_READ_ONLY)
                return -EINVAL;

        r = dm_cache_write_hints(cache->cmd, cache->policy);
        if (r) {
                metadata_operation_failed(cache, "dm_cache_write_hints", r);
                return r;
        }

        return 0;
}

/*
 * returns true on success
 */
static bool sync_metadata(struct cache *cache)
{
        int r1, r2, r3, r4;

        r1 = write_dirty_bitset(cache);
        if (r1)
                DMERR("%s: could not write dirty bitset", cache_device_name(cache));

        r2 = write_discard_bitset(cache);
        if (r2)
                DMERR("%s: could not write discard bitset", cache_device_name(cache));

        save_stats(cache);

        r3 = write_hints(cache);
        if (r3)
                DMERR("%s: could not write hints", cache_device_name(cache));

        /*
         * If writing the above metadata failed, we still commit, but don't
         * set the clean shutdown flag.  This will effectively force every
         * dirty bit to be set on reload.
         */
        r4 = commit(cache, !r1 && !r2 && !r3);
        if (r4)
                DMERR("%s: could not write cache metadata", cache_device_name(cache));

        return !r1 && !r2 && !r3 && !r4;
}

static void cache_postsuspend(struct dm_target *ti)
{
        struct cache *cache = ti->private;

        prevent_background_work(cache);
        BUG_ON(atomic_read(&cache->nr_io_migrations));

        cancel_delayed_work(&cache->waker);
        flush_workqueue(cache->wq);
        WARN_ON(cache->tracker.in_flight);

        /*
         * If it's a flush suspend there won't be any deferred bios, so this
         * call is harmless.
         */
        requeue_deferred_bios(cache);

        if (get_cache_mode(cache) == CM_WRITE)
                (void) sync_metadata(cache);
}

static int load_mapping(void *context, dm_oblock_t oblock, dm_cblock_t cblock,
                        bool dirty, uint32_t hint, bool hint_valid)
{
        int r;
        struct cache *cache = context;

        if (dirty) {
                set_bit(from_cblock(cblock), cache->dirty_bitset);
                atomic_inc(&cache->nr_dirty);
        } else
                clear_bit(from_cblock(cblock), cache->dirty_bitset);

        r = policy_load_mapping(cache->policy, oblock, cblock, dirty, hint, hint_valid);
        if (r)
                return r;

        return 0;
}

/*
 * The discard block size in the on disk metadata is not
 * neccessarily the same as we're currently using.  So we have to
 * be careful to only set the discarded attribute if we know it
 * covers a complete block of the new size.
 */
struct discard_load_info {
        struct cache *cache;

        /*
         * These blocks are sized using the on disk dblock size, rather
         * than the current one.
         */
        dm_block_t block_size;
        dm_block_t discard_begin, discard_end;
};

static void discard_load_info_init(struct cache *cache,
                                   struct discard_load_info *li)
{
        li->cache = cache;
        li->discard_begin = li->discard_end = 0;
}

static void set_discard_range(struct discard_load_info *li)
{
        sector_t b, e;