/*
 * Linux VM pressure
 *
 * Copyright 2012 Linaro Ltd.
 *                Anton Vorontsov <anton.vorontsov@linaro.org>
 *
 * Based on ideas from Andrew Morton, David Rientjes, KOSAKI Motohiro,
 * Leonid Moiseichuk, Mel Gorman, Minchan Kim and Pekka Enberg.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as published
 * by the Free Software Foundation.
 */

#include <linux/cgroup.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/log2.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/vmstat.h>
#include <linux/eventfd.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/printk.h>
#include <linux/vmpressure.h>

/*
 * The window size (vmpressure_win) is the number of scanned pages before
 * we try to analyze scanned/reclaimed ratio. So the window is used as a
 * rate-limit tunable for the "low" level notification, and also for
 * averaging the ratio for medium/critical levels. Using small window
 * sizes can cause lot of false positives, but too big window size will
 * delay the notifications.
 *
 * As the vmscan reclaimer logic works with chunks which are multiple of
 * SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX, it makes sense to use it for the window size as well.
 *
 * TODO: Make the window size depend on machine size, as we do for vmstat
 * thresholds. Currently we set it to 512 pages (2MB for 4KB pages).
 */
static const unsigned long vmpressure_win = SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX * 16;

/*
 * These thresholds are used when we account memory pressure through
 * scanned/reclaimed ratio. The current values were chosen empirically. In
 * essence, they are percents: the higher the value, the more number
 * unsuccessful reclaims there were.
 */
static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_med = 60;
static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_critical = 95;

/*
 * When there are too little pages left to scan, vmpressure() may miss the
 * critical pressure as number of pages will be less than "window size".
 * However, in that case the vmscan priority will raise fast as the
 * reclaimer will try to scan LRUs more deeply.
 *
 * The vmscan logic considers these special priorities:
 *
 * prio == DEF_PRIORITY (12): reclaimer starts with that value
 * prio <= DEF_PRIORITY - 2 : kswapd becomes somewhat overwhelmed
 * prio == 0                : close to OOM, kernel scans every page in an lru
 *
 * Any value in this range is acceptable for this tunable (i.e. from 12 to
 * 0). Current value for the vmpressure_level_critical_prio is chosen
 * empirically, but the number, in essence, means that we consider
 * critical level when scanning depth is ~10% of the lru size (vmscan
 * scans 'lru_size >> prio' pages, so it is actually 12.5%, or one
 * eights).
 */
static const unsigned int vmpressure_level_critical_prio = ilog2(100 / 10);

static struct vmpressure *work_to_vmpressure(struct work_struct *work)
{
        return container_of(work, struct vmpressure, work);
}

static struct vmpressure *vmpressure_parent(struct vmpressure *vmpr)
{
        struct cgroup_subsys_state *css = vmpressure_to_css(vmpr);
        struct mem_cgroup *memcg = mem_cgroup_from_css(css);

        memcg = parent_mem_cgroup(memcg);
        if (!memcg)
                return NULL;
        return memcg_to_vmpressure(memcg);
}

enum vmpressure_levels {
        VMPRESSURE_LOW = 0,
        VMPRESSURE_MEDIUM,
        VMPRESSURE_CRITICAL,
        VMPRESSURE_NUM_LEVELS,
};

enum vmpressure_modes {
        VMPRESSURE_NO_PASSTHROUGH = 0,
        VMPRESSURE_HIERARCHY,
        VMPRESSURE_LOCAL,
        VMPRESSURE_NUM_MODES,
};

static const char * const vmpressure_str_levels[] = {
        [VMPRESSURE_LOW] = "low",
        [VMPRESSURE_MEDIUM] = "medium",
        [VMPRESSURE_CRITICAL] = "critical",
};

static const char * const vmpressure_str_modes[] = {
        [VMPRESSURE_NO_PASSTHROUGH] = "default",
        [VMPRESSURE_HIERARCHY] = "hierarchy",
        [VMPRESSURE_LOCAL] = "local",
};

static enum vmpressure_levels vmpressure_level(unsigned long pressure)
{
        if (pressure >= vmpressure_level_critical)
                return VMPRESSURE_CRITICAL;
        else if (pressure >= vmpressure_level_med)
                return VMPRESSURE_MEDIUM;
        return VMPRESSURE_LOW;
}

static enum vmpressure_levels vmpressure_calc_level(unsigned long scanned,
                                                    unsigned long reclaimed)
{
        unsigned long scale = scanned + reclaimed;
        unsigned long pressure = 0;

        /*
         * reclaimed can be greater than scanned for things such as reclaimed
         * slab pages. shrink_node() just adds reclaimed pages without a
         * related increment to scanned pages.
         */
        if (reclaimed >= scanned)
                goto out;
        /*
         * We calculate the ratio (in percents) of how many pages were
         * scanned vs. reclaimed in a given time frame (window). Note that
         * time is in VM reclaimer's "ticks", i.e. number of pages
         * scanned. This makes it possible to set desired reaction time
         * and serves as a ratelimit.
         */
        pressure = scale - (reclaimed * scale / scanned);
        pressure = pressure * 100 / scale;

out:
        pr_debug("%s: %3lu  (s: %lu  r: %lu)\n", __func__, pressure,
                 scanned, reclaimed);

        return vmpressure_level(pressure);
}

struct vmpressure_event {
        struct eventfd_ctx *efd;
        enum vmpressure_levels level;
        enum vmpressure_modes mode;
        struct list_head node;
};

static bool vmpressure_event(struct vmpressure *vmpr,
                             const enum vmpressure_levels level,
                             bool ancestor, bool signalled)
{
        struct vmpressure_event *ev;
        bool ret = false;

        mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(ev, &vmpr->events, node) {
                if (ancestor && ev->mode == VMPRESSURE_LOCAL)
                        continue;
                if (signalled && ev->mode == VMPRESSURE_NO_PASSTHROUGH)
                        continue;
                if (level < ev->level)
                        continue;
                eventfd_signal(ev->efd, 1);
                ret = true;
        }
        mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock);

        return ret;
}

static void vmpressure_work_fn(struct work_struct *work)
{
        struct vmpressure *vmpr = work_to_vmpressure(work);
        unsigned long scanned;
        unsigned long reclaimed;
        enum vmpressure_levels level;
        bool ancestor = false;
        bool signalled = false;

        spin_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
        /*
         * Several contexts might be calling vmpressure(), so it is
         * possible that the work was rescheduled again before the old
         * work context cleared the counters. In that case we will run
         * just after the old work returns, but then scanned might be zero
         * here. No need for any locks here since we don't care if
         * vmpr->reclaimed is in sync.
         */
        scanned = vmpr->tree_scanned;
        if (!scanned) {
                spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
                return;
        }

        reclaimed = vmpr->tree_reclaimed;
        vmpr->tree_scanned = 0;
        vmpr->tree_reclaimed = 0;
        spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);

        level = vmpressure_calc_level(scanned, reclaimed);

        do {
                if (vmpressure_event(vmpr, level, ancestor, signalled))
                        signalled = true;
                ancestor = true;
        } while ((vmpr = vmpressure_parent(vmpr)));
}

/**
 * vmpressure() - Account memory pressure through scanned/reclaimed ratio
 * @gfp:        reclaimer's gfp mask
 * @memcg:      cgroup memory controller handle
 * @tree:       legacy subtree mode
 * @scanned:    number of pages scanned
 * @reclaimed:  number of pages reclaimed
 *
 * This function should be called from the vmscan reclaim path to account
 * "instantaneous" memory pressure (scanned/reclaimed ratio). The raw
 * pressure index is then further refined and averaged over time.
 *
 * If @tree is set, vmpressure is in traditional userspace reporting
 * mode: @memcg is considered the pressure root and userspace is
 * notified of the entire subtree's reclaim efficiency.
 *
 * If @tree is not set, reclaim efficiency is recorded for @memcg, and
 * only in-kernel users are notified.
 *
 * This function does not return any value.
 */
void vmpressure(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, bool tree,
                unsigned long scanned, unsigned long reclaimed)
{
        struct vmpressure *vmpr = memcg_to_vmpressure(memcg);

        /*
         * Here we only want to account pressure that userland is able to
         * help us with. For example, suppose that DMA zone is under
         * pressure; if we notify userland about that kind of pressure,
         * then it will be mostly a waste as it will trigger unnecessary
         * freeing of memory by userland (since userland is more likely to
         * have HIGHMEM/MOVABLE pages instead of the DMA fallback). That
         * is why we include only movable, highmem and FS/IO pages.
         * Indirect reclaim (kswapd) sets sc->gfp_mask to GFP_KERNEL, so
         * we account it too.
         */
        if (!(gfp & (__GFP_HIGHMEM | __GFP_MOVABLE | __GFP_IO | __GFP_FS)))
                return;

        /*
         * If we got here with no pages scanned, then that is an indicator
         * that reclaimer was unable to find any shrinkable LRUs at the
         * current scanning depth. But it does not mean that we should
         * report the critical pressure, yet. If the scanning priority
         * (scanning depth) goes too high (deep), we will be notified
         * through vmpressure_prio(). But so far, keep calm.
         */
        if (!scanned)
                return;

        if (tree) {
                spin_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
                scanned = vmpr->tree_scanned += scanned;
                vmpr->tree_reclaimed += reclaimed;
                spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);

                if (scanned < vmpressure_win)
                        return;
                schedule_work(&vmpr->work);
        } else {
                enum vmpressure_levels level;

                /* For now, no users for root-level efficiency */
                if (!memcg || memcg == root_mem_cgroup)
                        return;

                spin_lock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
                scanned = vmpr->scanned += scanned;
                reclaimed = vmpr->reclaimed += reclaimed;
                if (scanned < vmpressure_win) {
                        spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);
                        return;
                }
                vmpr->scanned = vmpr->reclaimed = 0;
                spin_unlock(&vmpr->sr_lock);

                level = vmpressure_calc_level(scanned, reclaimed);

                if (level > VMPRESSURE_LOW) {
                        /*
                         * Let the socket buffer allocator know that
                         * we are having trouble reclaiming LRU pages.
                         *
                         * For hysteresis keep the pressure state
                         * asserted for a second in which subsequent
                         * pressure events can occur.
                         */
                        memcg->socket_pressure = jiffies + HZ;
                }
        }
}

/**
 * vmpressure_prio() - Account memory pressure through reclaimer priority level
 * @gfp:        reclaimer's gfp mask
 * @memcg:      cgroup memory controller handle
 * @prio:       reclaimer's priority
 *
 * This function should be called from the reclaim path every time when
 * the vmscan's reclaiming priority (scanning depth) changes.
 *
 * This function does not return any value.
 */
void vmpressure_prio(gfp_t gfp, struct mem_cgroup *memcg, int prio)
{
        /*
         * We only use prio for accounting critical level. For more info
         * see comment for vmpressure_level_critical_prio variable above.
         */
        if (prio > vmpressure_level_critical_prio)
                return;

        /*
         * OK, the prio is below the threshold, updating vmpressure
         * information before shrinker dives into long shrinking of long
         * range vmscan. Passing scanned = vmpressure_win, reclaimed = 0
         * to the vmpressure() basically means that we signal 'critical'
         * level.
         */
        vmpressure(gfp, memcg, true, vmpressure_win, 0);
}

static enum vmpressure_levels str_to_level(const char *arg)
{
        enum vmpressure_levels level;

        for (level = 0; level < VMPRESSURE_NUM_LEVELS; level++)
                if (!strcmp(vmpressure_str_levels[level], arg))
                        return level;
        return -1;
}

static enum vmpressure_modes str_to_mode(const char *arg)
{
        enum vmpressure_modes mode;

        for (mode = 0; mode < VMPRESSURE_NUM_MODES; mode++)
                if (!strcmp(vmpressure_str_modes[mode], arg))
                        return mode;
        return -1;
}

#define MAX_VMPRESSURE_ARGS_LEN (strlen("critical") + strlen("hierarchy") + 2)

/**
 * vmpressure_register_event() - Bind vmpressure notifications to an eventfd
 * @memcg:      memcg that is interested in vmpressure notifications
 * @eventfd:    eventfd context to link notifications with
 * @args:       event arguments (pressure level threshold, optional mode)
 *
 * This function associates eventfd context with the vmpressure
 * infrastructure, so that the notifications will be delivered to the
 * @eventfd. The @args parameter is a comma-delimited string that denotes a
 * pressure level threshold (one of vmpressure_str_levels, i.e. "low", "medium",
 * or "critical") and an optional mode (one of vmpressure_str_modes, i.e.
 * "hierarchy" or "local").
 *
 * To be used as memcg event method.
 */
int vmpressure_register_event(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                              struct eventfd_ctx *eventfd, const char *args)
{
        struct vmpressure *vmpr = memcg_to_vmpressure(memcg);
        struct vmpressure_event *ev;
        enum vmpressure_modes mode = VMPRESSURE_NO_PASSTHROUGH;
        enum vmpressure_levels level = -1;
        char *spec, *spec_orig;
        char *token;
        int ret = 0;

        spec_orig = spec = kzalloc(MAX_VMPRESSURE_ARGS_LEN + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!spec) {
                ret = -ENOMEM;
                goto out;
        }
        strncpy(spec, args, MAX_VMPRESSURE_ARGS_LEN);

        /* Find required level */
        token = strsep(&spec, ",");
        level = str_to_level(token);
        if (level == -1) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto out;
        }

        /* Find optional mode */
        token = strsep(&spec, ",");
        if (token) {
                mode = str_to_mode(token);
                if (mode == -1) {
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        ev = kzalloc(sizeof(*ev), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!ev) {
                ret = -ENOMEM;
                goto out;
        }

        ev->efd = eventfd;
        ev->level = level;
        ev->mode = mode;

        mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock);
        list_add(&ev->node, &vmpr->events);
        mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock);
out:
        kfree(spec_orig);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * vmpressure_unregister_event() - Unbind eventfd from vmpressure
 * @memcg:      memcg handle
 * @eventfd:    eventfd context that was used to link vmpressure with the @cg
 *
 * This function does internal manipulations to detach the @eventfd from
 * the vmpressure notifications, and then frees internal resources
 * associated with the @eventfd (but the @eventfd itself is not freed).
 *
 * To be used as memcg event method.
 */
void vmpressure_unregister_event(struct mem_cgroup *memcg,
                                 struct eventfd_ctx *eventfd)
{
        struct vmpressure *vmpr = memcg_to_vmpressure(memcg);
        struct vmpressure_event *ev;

        mutex_lock(&vmpr->events_lock);
        list_for_each_entry(ev, &vmpr->events, node) {
                if (ev->efd != eventfd)
                        continue;
                list_del(&ev->node);
                kfree(ev);
                break;
        }
        mutex_unlock(&vmpr->events_lock);
}

/**
 * vmpressure_init() - Initialize vmpressure control structure
 * @vmpr:       Structure to be initialized
 *
 * This function should be called on every allocated vmpressure structure
 * before any usage.
 */
void vmpressure_init(struct vmpressure *vmpr)
{
        spin_lock_init(&vmpr->sr_lock);
        mutex_init(&vmpr->events_lock);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(&vmpr->events);
        INIT_WORK(&vmpr->work, vmpressure_work_fn);
}

/**
 * vmpressure_cleanup() - shuts down vmpressure control structure
 * @vmpr:       Structure to be cleaned up
 *
 * This function should be called before the structure in which it is
 * embedded is cleaned up.
 */
void vmpressure_cleanup(struct vmpressure *vmpr)
{
        /*
         * Make sure there is no pending work before eventfd infrastructure
         * goes away.
         */
        flush_work(&vmpr->work);
}