/*
 * Stress userfaultfd syscall.
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2015  Red Hat, Inc.
 *
 *  This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2. See
 *  the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
 *
 * This test allocates two virtual areas and bounces the physical
 * memory across the two virtual areas (from area_src to area_dst)
 * using userfaultfd.
 *
 * There are three threads running per CPU:
 *
 * 1) one per-CPU thread takes a per-page pthread_mutex in a random
 *    page of the area_dst (while the physical page may still be in
 *    area_src), and increments a per-page counter in the same page,
 *    and checks its value against a verification region.
 *
 * 2) another per-CPU thread handles the userfaults generated by
 *    thread 1 above. userfaultfd blocking reads or poll() modes are
 *    exercised interleaved.
 *
 * 3) one last per-CPU thread transfers the memory in the background
 *    at maximum bandwidth (if not already transferred by thread
 *    2). Each cpu thread takes cares of transferring a portion of the
 *    area.
 *
 * When all threads of type 3 completed the transfer, one bounce is
 * complete. area_src and area_dst are then swapped. All threads are
 * respawned and so the bounce is immediately restarted in the
 * opposite direction.
 *
 * per-CPU threads 1 by triggering userfaults inside
 * pthread_mutex_lock will also verify the atomicity of the memory
 * transfer (UFFDIO_COPY).
 *
 * The program takes two parameters: the amounts of physical memory in
 * megabytes (MiB) of the area and the number of bounces to execute.
 *
 * # 100MiB 99999 bounces
 * ./userfaultfd 100 99999
 *
 * # 1GiB 99 bounces
 * ./userfaultfd 1000 99
 *
 * # 10MiB-~6GiB 999 bounces, continue forever unless an error triggers
 * while ./userfaultfd $[RANDOM % 6000 + 10] 999; do true; done
 */

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <linux/userfaultfd.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#ifdef __NR_userfaultfd

static unsigned long nr_cpus, nr_pages, nr_pages_per_cpu, page_size;

#define BOUNCE_RANDOM           (1<<0)
#define BOUNCE_RACINGFAULTS     (1<<1)
#define BOUNCE_VERIFY           (1<<2)
#define BOUNCE_POLL             (1<<3)
static int bounces;

#define TEST_ANON       1
#define TEST_HUGETLB    2
#define TEST_SHMEM      3
static int test_type;

/* exercise the test_uffdio_*_eexist every ALARM_INTERVAL_SECS */
#define ALARM_INTERVAL_SECS 10
static volatile bool test_uffdio_copy_eexist = true;
static volatile bool test_uffdio_zeropage_eexist = true;

static bool map_shared;
static int huge_fd;
static char *huge_fd_off0;
static unsigned long long *count_verify;
static int uffd, uffd_flags, finished, *pipefd;
static char *area_src, *area_src_alias, *area_dst, *area_dst_alias;
static char *zeropage;
pthread_attr_t attr;

/* pthread_mutex_t starts at page offset 0 */
#define area_mutex(___area, ___nr)                                      \
        ((pthread_mutex_t *) ((___area) + (___nr)*page_size))
/*
 * count is placed in the page after pthread_mutex_t naturally aligned
 * to avoid non alignment faults on non-x86 archs.
 */
#define area_count(___area, ___nr)                                      \
        ((volatile unsigned long long *) ((unsigned long)               \
                                 ((___area) + (___nr)*page_size +       \
                                  sizeof(pthread_mutex_t) +             \
                                  sizeof(unsigned long long) - 1) &     \
                                 ~(unsigned long)(sizeof(unsigned long long) \
                                                  -  1)))

static int anon_release_pages(char *rel_area)
{
        int ret = 0;

        if (madvise(rel_area, nr_pages * page_size, MADV_DONTNEED)) {
                perror("madvise");
                ret = 1;
        }

        return ret;
}

static void anon_allocate_area(void **alloc_area)
{
        if (posix_memalign(alloc_area, page_size, nr_pages * page_size)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                *alloc_area = NULL;
        }
}

static void noop_alias_mapping(__u64 *start, size_t len, unsigned long offset)
{
}

/* HugeTLB memory */
static int hugetlb_release_pages(char *rel_area)
{
        int ret = 0;

        if (fallocate(huge_fd, FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE | FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,
                                rel_area == huge_fd_off0 ? 0 :
                                nr_pages * page_size,
                                nr_pages * page_size)) {
                perror("fallocate");
                ret = 1;
        }

        return ret;
}


static void hugetlb_allocate_area(void **alloc_area)
{
        void *area_alias = NULL;
        char **alloc_area_alias;
        *alloc_area = mmap(NULL, nr_pages * page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                           (map_shared ? MAP_SHARED : MAP_PRIVATE) |
                           MAP_HUGETLB,
                           huge_fd, *alloc_area == area_src ? 0 :
                           nr_pages * page_size);
        if (*alloc_area == MAP_FAILED) {
                fprintf(stderr, "mmap of hugetlbfs file failed\n");
                *alloc_area = NULL;
        }

        if (map_shared) {
                area_alias = mmap(NULL, nr_pages * page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                                  MAP_SHARED | MAP_HUGETLB,
                                  huge_fd, *alloc_area == area_src ? 0 :
                                  nr_pages * page_size);
                if (area_alias == MAP_FAILED) {
                        if (munmap(*alloc_area, nr_pages * page_size) < 0)
                                perror("hugetlb munmap"), exit(1);
                        *alloc_area = NULL;
                        return;
                }
        }
        if (*alloc_area == area_src) {
                huge_fd_off0 = *alloc_area;
                alloc_area_alias = &area_src_alias;
        } else {
                alloc_area_alias = &area_dst_alias;
        }
        if (area_alias)
                *alloc_area_alias = area_alias;
}

static void hugetlb_alias_mapping(__u64 *start, size_t len, unsigned long offset)
{
        if (!map_shared)
                return;
        /*
         * We can't zap just the pagetable with hugetlbfs because
         * MADV_DONTEED won't work. So exercise -EEXIST on a alias
         * mapping where the pagetables are not established initially,
         * this way we'll exercise the -EEXEC at the fs level.
         */
        *start = (unsigned long) area_dst_alias + offset;
}

/* Shared memory */
static int shmem_release_pages(char *rel_area)
{
        int ret = 0;

        if (madvise(rel_area, nr_pages * page_size, MADV_REMOVE)) {
                perror("madvise");
                ret = 1;
        }

        return ret;
}

static void shmem_allocate_area(void **alloc_area)
{
        *alloc_area = mmap(NULL, nr_pages * page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                           MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_SHARED, -1, 0);
        if (*alloc_area == MAP_FAILED) {
                fprintf(stderr, "shared memory mmap failed\n");
                *alloc_area = NULL;
        }
}

struct uffd_test_ops {
        unsigned long expected_ioctls;
        void (*allocate_area)(void **alloc_area);
        int (*release_pages)(char *rel_area);
        void (*alias_mapping)(__u64 *start, size_t len, unsigned long offset);
};

#define ANON_EXPECTED_IOCTLS            ((1 << _UFFDIO_WAKE) | \
                                         (1 << _UFFDIO_COPY) | \
                                         (1 << _UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE))

static struct uffd_test_ops anon_uffd_test_ops = {
        .expected_ioctls = ANON_EXPECTED_IOCTLS,
        .allocate_area  = anon_allocate_area,
        .release_pages  = anon_release_pages,
        .alias_mapping = noop_alias_mapping,
};

static struct uffd_test_ops shmem_uffd_test_ops = {
        .expected_ioctls = ANON_EXPECTED_IOCTLS,
        .allocate_area  = shmem_allocate_area,
        .release_pages  = shmem_release_pages,
        .alias_mapping = noop_alias_mapping,
};

static struct uffd_test_ops hugetlb_uffd_test_ops = {
        .expected_ioctls = UFFD_API_RANGE_IOCTLS_BASIC,
        .allocate_area  = hugetlb_allocate_area,
        .release_pages  = hugetlb_release_pages,
        .alias_mapping = hugetlb_alias_mapping,
};

static struct uffd_test_ops *uffd_test_ops;

static int my_bcmp(char *str1, char *str2, size_t n)
{
        unsigned long i;
        for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
                if (str1[i] != str2[i])
                        return 1;
        return 0;
}

static void *locking_thread(void *arg)
{
        unsigned long cpu = (unsigned long) arg;
        struct random_data rand;
        unsigned long page_nr = *(&(page_nr)); /* uninitialized warning */
        int32_t rand_nr;
        unsigned long long count;
        char randstate[64];
        unsigned int seed;
        time_t start;

        if (bounces & BOUNCE_RANDOM) {
                seed = (unsigned int) time(NULL) - bounces;
                if (!(bounces & BOUNCE_RACINGFAULTS))
                        seed += cpu;
                bzero(&rand, sizeof(rand));
                bzero(&randstate, sizeof(randstate));
                if (initstate_r(seed, randstate, sizeof(randstate), &rand))
                        fprintf(stderr, "srandom_r error\n"), exit(1);
        } else {
                page_nr = -bounces;
                if (!(bounces & BOUNCE_RACINGFAULTS))
                        page_nr += cpu * nr_pages_per_cpu;
        }

        while (!finished) {
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_RANDOM) {
                        if (random_r(&rand, &rand_nr))
                                fprintf(stderr, "random_r 1 error\n"), exit(1);
                        page_nr = rand_nr;
                        if (sizeof(page_nr) > sizeof(rand_nr)) {
                                if (random_r(&rand, &rand_nr))
                                        fprintf(stderr, "random_r 2 error\n"), exit(1);
                                page_nr |= (((unsigned long) rand_nr) << 16) <<
                                           16;
                        }
                } else
                        page_nr += 1;
                page_nr %= nr_pages;

                start = time(NULL);
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_VERIFY) {
                        count = *area_count(area_dst, page_nr);
                        if (!count)
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        "page_nr %lu wrong count %Lu %Lu\n",
                                        page_nr, count,
                                        count_verify[page_nr]), exit(1);


                        /*
                         * We can't use bcmp (or memcmp) because that
                         * returns 0 erroneously if the memory is
                         * changing under it (even if the end of the
                         * page is never changing and always
                         * different).
                         */
#if 1
                        if (!my_bcmp(area_dst + page_nr * page_size, zeropage,
                                     page_size))
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        "my_bcmp page_nr %lu wrong count %Lu %Lu\n",
                                        page_nr, count,
                                        count_verify[page_nr]), exit(1);
#else
                        unsigned long loops;

                        loops = 0;
                        /* uncomment the below line to test with mutex */
                        /* pthread_mutex_lock(area_mutex(area_dst, page_nr)); */
                        while (!bcmp(area_dst + page_nr * page_size, zeropage,
                                     page_size)) {
                                loops += 1;
                                if (loops > 10)
                                        break;
                        }
                        /* uncomment below line to test with mutex */
                        /* pthread_mutex_unlock(area_mutex(area_dst, page_nr)); */
                        if (loops) {
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        "page_nr %lu all zero thread %lu %p %lu\n",
                                        page_nr, cpu, area_dst + page_nr * page_size,
                                        loops);
                                if (loops > 10)
                                        exit(1);
                        }
#endif
                }

                pthread_mutex_lock(area_mutex(area_dst, page_nr));
                count = *area_count(area_dst, page_nr);
                if (count != count_verify[page_nr]) {
                        fprintf(stderr,
                                "page_nr %lu memory corruption %Lu %Lu\n",
                                page_nr, count,
                                count_verify[page_nr]), exit(1);
                }
                count++;
                *area_count(area_dst, page_nr) = count_verify[page_nr] = count;
                pthread_mutex_unlock(area_mutex(area_dst, page_nr));

                if (time(NULL) - start > 1)
                        fprintf(stderr,
                                "userfault too slow %ld "
                                "possible false positive with overcommit\n",
                                time(NULL) - start);
        }

        return NULL;
}

static void retry_copy_page(int ufd, struct uffdio_copy *uffdio_copy,
                            unsigned long offset)
{
        uffd_test_ops->alias_mapping(&uffdio_copy->dst,
                                     uffdio_copy->len,
                                     offset);
        if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_COPY, uffdio_copy)) {
                /* real retval in ufdio_copy.copy */
                if (uffdio_copy->copy != -EEXIST)
                        fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_COPY retry error %Ld\n",
                                uffdio_copy->copy), exit(1);
        } else {
                fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_COPY retry unexpected %Ld\n",
                        uffdio_copy->copy), exit(1);
        }
}

static int __copy_page(int ufd, unsigned long offset, bool retry)
{
        struct uffdio_copy uffdio_copy;

        if (offset >= nr_pages * page_size)
                fprintf(stderr, "unexpected offset %lu\n",
                        offset), exit(1);
        uffdio_copy.dst = (unsigned long) area_dst + offset;
        uffdio_copy.src = (unsigned long) area_src + offset;
        uffdio_copy.len = page_size;
        uffdio_copy.mode = 0;
        uffdio_copy.copy = 0;
        if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_COPY, &uffdio_copy)) {
                /* real retval in ufdio_copy.copy */
                if (uffdio_copy.copy != -EEXIST)
                        fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_COPY error %Ld\n",
                                uffdio_copy.copy), exit(1);
        } else if (uffdio_copy.copy != page_size) {
                fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_COPY unexpected copy %Ld\n",
                        uffdio_copy.copy), exit(1);
        } else {
                if (test_uffdio_copy_eexist && retry) {
                        test_uffdio_copy_eexist = false;
                        retry_copy_page(ufd, &uffdio_copy, offset);
                }
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

static int copy_page_retry(int ufd, unsigned long offset)
{
        return __copy_page(ufd, offset, true);
}

static int copy_page(int ufd, unsigned long offset)
{
        return __copy_page(ufd, offset, false);
}

static void *uffd_poll_thread(void *arg)
{
        unsigned long cpu = (unsigned long) arg;
        struct pollfd pollfd[2];
        struct uffd_msg msg;
        struct uffdio_register uffd_reg;
        int ret;
        unsigned long offset;
        char tmp_chr;
        unsigned long userfaults = 0;

        pollfd[0].fd = uffd;
        pollfd[0].events = POLLIN;
        pollfd[1].fd = pipefd[cpu*2];
        pollfd[1].events = POLLIN;

        for (;;) {
                ret = poll(pollfd, 2, -1);
                if (!ret)
                        fprintf(stderr, "poll error %d\n", ret), exit(1);
                if (ret < 0)
                        perror("poll"), exit(1);
                if (pollfd[1].revents & POLLIN) {
                        if (read(pollfd[1].fd, &tmp_chr, 1) != 1)
                                fprintf(stderr, "read pipefd error\n"),
                                        exit(1);
                        break;
                }
                if (!(pollfd[0].revents & POLLIN))
                        fprintf(stderr, "pollfd[0].revents %d\n",
                                pollfd[0].revents), exit(1);
                ret = read(uffd, &msg, sizeof(msg));
                if (ret < 0) {
                        if (errno == EAGAIN)
                                continue;
                        perror("nonblocking read error"), exit(1);
                }
                switch (msg.event) {
                default:
                        fprintf(stderr, "unexpected msg event %u\n",
                                msg.event), exit(1);
                        break;
                case UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT:
                        if (msg.arg.pagefault.flags & UFFD_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WRITE)
                                fprintf(stderr, "unexpected write fault\n"), exit(1);
                        offset = (char *)(unsigned long)msg.arg.pagefault.address -
                                area_dst;
                        offset &= ~(page_size-1);
                        if (copy_page(uffd, offset))
                                userfaults++;
                        break;
                case UFFD_EVENT_FORK:
                        close(uffd);
                        uffd = msg.arg.fork.ufd;
                        pollfd[0].fd = uffd;
                        break;
                case UFFD_EVENT_REMOVE:
                        uffd_reg.range.start = msg.arg.remove.start;
                        uffd_reg.range.len = msg.arg.remove.end -
                                msg.arg.remove.start;
                        if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_UNREGISTER, &uffd_reg.range))
                                fprintf(stderr, "remove failure\n"), exit(1);
                        break;
                case UFFD_EVENT_REMAP:
                        area_dst = (char *)(unsigned long)msg.arg.remap.to;
                        break;
                }
        }
        return (void *)userfaults;
}

pthread_mutex_t uffd_read_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

static void *uffd_read_thread(void *arg)
{
        unsigned long *this_cpu_userfaults;
        struct uffd_msg msg;
        unsigned long offset;
        int ret;

        this_cpu_userfaults = (unsigned long *) arg;
        *this_cpu_userfaults = 0;

        pthread_mutex_unlock(&uffd_read_mutex);
        /* from here cancellation is ok */

        for (;;) {
                ret = read(uffd, &msg, sizeof(msg));
                if (ret != sizeof(msg)) {
                        if (ret < 0)
                                perror("blocking read error"), exit(1);
                        else
                                fprintf(stderr, "short read\n"), exit(1);
                }
                if (msg.event != UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT)
                        fprintf(stderr, "unexpected msg event %u\n",
                                msg.event), exit(1);
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_VERIFY &&
                    msg.arg.pagefault.flags & UFFD_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WRITE)
                        fprintf(stderr, "unexpected write fault\n"), exit(1);
                offset = (char *)(unsigned long)msg.arg.pagefault.address -
                         area_dst;
                offset &= ~(page_size-1);
                if (copy_page(uffd, offset))
                        (*this_cpu_userfaults)++;
        }
        return (void *)NULL;
}

static void *background_thread(void *arg)
{
        unsigned long cpu = (unsigned long) arg;
        unsigned long page_nr;

        for (page_nr = cpu * nr_pages_per_cpu;
             page_nr < (cpu+1) * nr_pages_per_cpu;
             page_nr++)
                copy_page_retry(uffd, page_nr * page_size);

        return NULL;
}

static int stress(unsigned long *userfaults)
{
        unsigned long cpu;
        pthread_t locking_threads[nr_cpus];
        pthread_t uffd_threads[nr_cpus];
        pthread_t background_threads[nr_cpus];
        void **_userfaults = (void **) userfaults;

        finished = 0;
        for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++) {
                if (pthread_create(&locking_threads[cpu], &attr,
                                   locking_thread, (void *)cpu))
                        return 1;
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_POLL) {
                        if (pthread_create(&uffd_threads[cpu], &attr,
                                           uffd_poll_thread, (void *)cpu))
                                return 1;
                } else {
                        if (pthread_create(&uffd_threads[cpu], &attr,
                                           uffd_read_thread,
                                           &_userfaults[cpu]))
                                return 1;
                        pthread_mutex_lock(&uffd_read_mutex);
                }
                if (pthread_create(&background_threads[cpu], &attr,
                                   background_thread, (void *)cpu))
                        return 1;
        }
        for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++)
                if (pthread_join(background_threads[cpu], NULL))
                        return 1;

        /*
         * Be strict and immediately zap area_src, the whole area has
         * been transferred already by the background treads. The
         * area_src could then be faulted in in a racy way by still
         * running uffdio_threads reading zeropages after we zapped
         * area_src (but they're guaranteed to get -EEXIST from
         * UFFDIO_COPY without writing zero pages into area_dst
         * because the background threads already completed).
         */
        if (uffd_test_ops->release_pages(area_src))
                return 1;

        for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++) {
                char c;
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_POLL) {
                        if (write(pipefd[cpu*2+1], &c, 1) != 1) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "pipefd write error\n");
                                return 1;
                        }
                        if (pthread_join(uffd_threads[cpu], &_userfaults[cpu]))
                                return 1;
                } else {
                        if (pthread_cancel(uffd_threads[cpu]))
                                return 1;
                        if (pthread_join(uffd_threads[cpu], NULL))
                                return 1;
                }
        }

        finished = 1;
        for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++)
                if (pthread_join(locking_threads[cpu], NULL))
                        return 1;

        return 0;
}

static int userfaultfd_open(int features)
{
        struct uffdio_api uffdio_api;

        uffd = syscall(__NR_userfaultfd, O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK);
        if (uffd < 0) {
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "userfaultfd syscall not available in this kernel\n");
                return 1;
        }
        uffd_flags = fcntl(uffd, F_GETFD, NULL);

        uffdio_api.api = UFFD_API;
        uffdio_api.features = features;
        if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_API, &uffdio_api)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_API\n");
                return 1;
        }
        if (uffdio_api.api != UFFD_API) {
                fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_API error %Lu\n", uffdio_api.api);
                return 1;
        }

        return 0;
}

sigjmp_buf jbuf, *sigbuf;

static void sighndl(int sig, siginfo_t *siginfo, void *ptr)
{
        if (sig == SIGBUS) {
                if (sigbuf)
                        siglongjmp(*sigbuf, 1);
                abort();
        }
}

/*
 * For non-cooperative userfaultfd test we fork() a process that will
 * generate pagefaults, will mremap the area monitored by the
 * userfaultfd and at last this process will release the monitored
 * area.
 * For the anonymous and shared memory the area is divided into two
 * parts, the first part is accessed before mremap, and the second
 * part is accessed after mremap. Since hugetlbfs does not support
 * mremap, the entire monitored area is accessed in a single pass for
 * HUGETLB_TEST.
 * The release of the pages currently generates event for shmem and
 * anonymous memory (UFFD_EVENT_REMOVE), hence it is not checked
 * for hugetlb.
 * For signal test(UFFD_FEATURE_SIGBUS), signal_test = 1, we register
 * monitored area, generate pagefaults and test that signal is delivered.
 * Use UFFDIO_COPY to allocate missing page and retry. For signal_test = 2
 * test robustness use case - we release monitored area, fork a process
 * that will generate pagefaults and verify signal is generated.
 * This also tests UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_FORK event along with the signal
 * feature. Using monitor thread, verify no userfault events are generated.
 */
static int faulting_process(int signal_test)
{
        unsigned long nr;
        unsigned long long count;
        unsigned long split_nr_pages;
        unsigned long lastnr;
        struct sigaction act;
        unsigned long signalled = 0;

        if (test_type != TEST_HUGETLB)
                split_nr_pages = (nr_pages + 1) / 2;
        else
                split_nr_pages = nr_pages;

        if (signal_test) {
                sigbuf = &jbuf;
                memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
                act.sa_sigaction = sighndl;
                act.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
                if (sigaction(SIGBUS, &act, 0)) {
                        perror("sigaction");
                        return 1;
                }
                lastnr = (unsigned long)-1;
        }

        for (nr = 0; nr < split_nr_pages; nr++) {
                if (signal_test) {
                        if (sigsetjmp(*sigbuf, 1) != 0) {
                                if (nr == lastnr) {
                                        fprintf(stderr, "Signal repeated\n");
                                        return 1;
                                }

                                lastnr = nr;
                                if (signal_test == 1) {
                                        if (copy_page(uffd, nr * page_size))
                                                signalled++;
                                } else {
                                        signalled++;
                                        continue;
                                }
                        }
                }

                count = *area_count(area_dst, nr);
                if (count != count_verify[nr]) {
                        fprintf(stderr,
                                "nr %lu memory corruption %Lu %Lu\n",
                                nr, count,
                                count_verify[nr]), exit(1);
                }
        }

        if (signal_test)
                return signalled != split_nr_pages;

        if (test_type == TEST_HUGETLB)
                return 0;

        area_dst = mremap(area_dst, nr_pages * page_size,  nr_pages * page_size,
                          MREMAP_MAYMOVE | MREMAP_FIXED, area_src);
        if (area_dst == MAP_FAILED)
                perror("mremap"), exit(1);

        for (; nr < nr_pages; nr++) {
                count = *area_count(area_dst, nr);
                if (count != count_verify[nr]) {
                        fprintf(stderr,
                                "nr %lu memory corruption %Lu %Lu\n",
                                nr, count,
                                count_verify[nr]), exit(1);
                }
        }

        if (uffd_test_ops->release_pages(area_dst))
                return 1;

        for (nr = 0; nr < nr_pages; nr++) {
                if (my_bcmp(area_dst + nr * page_size, zeropage, page_size))
                        fprintf(stderr, "nr %lu is not zero\n", nr), exit(1);
        }

        return 0;
}

static void retry_uffdio_zeropage(int ufd,
                                  struct uffdio_zeropage *uffdio_zeropage,
                                  unsigned long offset)
{
        uffd_test_ops->alias_mapping(&uffdio_zeropage->range.start,
                                     uffdio_zeropage->range.len,
                                     offset);
        if (ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE, uffdio_zeropage)) {
                if (uffdio_zeropage->zeropage != -EEXIST)
                        fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE retry error %Ld\n",
                                uffdio_zeropage->zeropage), exit(1);
        } else {
                fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE retry unexpected %Ld\n",
                        uffdio_zeropage->zeropage), exit(1);
        }
}

static int __uffdio_zeropage(int ufd, unsigned long offset, bool retry)
{
        struct uffdio_zeropage uffdio_zeropage;
        int ret;
        unsigned long has_zeropage;

        has_zeropage = uffd_test_ops->expected_ioctls & (1 << _UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE);

        if (offset >= nr_pages * page_size)
                fprintf(stderr, "unexpected offset %lu\n",
                        offset), exit(1);
        uffdio_zeropage.range.start = (unsigned long) area_dst + offset;
        uffdio_zeropage.range.len = page_size;
        uffdio_zeropage.mode = 0;
        ret = ioctl(ufd, UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE, &uffdio_zeropage);
        if (ret) {
                /* real retval in ufdio_zeropage.zeropage */
                if (has_zeropage) {
                        if (uffdio_zeropage.zeropage == -EEXIST)
                                fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE -EEXIST\n"),
                                        exit(1);
                        else
                                fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE error %Ld\n",
                                        uffdio_zeropage.zeropage), exit(1);
                } else {
                        if (uffdio_zeropage.zeropage != -EINVAL)
                                fprintf(stderr,
                                        "UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE not -EINVAL %Ld\n",
                                        uffdio_zeropage.zeropage), exit(1);
                }
        } else if (has_zeropage) {
                if (uffdio_zeropage.zeropage != page_size) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE unexpected %Ld\n",
                                uffdio_zeropage.zeropage), exit(1);
                } else {
                        if (test_uffdio_zeropage_eexist && retry) {
                                test_uffdio_zeropage_eexist = false;
                                retry_uffdio_zeropage(ufd, &uffdio_zeropage,
                                                      offset);
                        }
                        return 1;
                }
        } else {
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE succeeded %Ld\n",
                        uffdio_zeropage.zeropage), exit(1);
        }

        return 0;
}

static int uffdio_zeropage(int ufd, unsigned long offset)
{
        return __uffdio_zeropage(ufd, offset, false);
}

/* exercise UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE */
static int userfaultfd_zeropage_test(void)
{
        struct uffdio_register uffdio_register;
        unsigned long expected_ioctls;

        printf("testing UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE: ");
        fflush(stdout);

        if (uffd_test_ops->release_pages(area_dst))
                return 1;

        if (userfaultfd_open(0) < 0)
                return 1;
        uffdio_register.range.start = (unsigned long) area_dst;
        uffdio_register.range.len = nr_pages * page_size;
        uffdio_register.mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING;
        if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &uffdio_register))
                fprintf(stderr, "register failure\n"), exit(1);

        expected_ioctls = uffd_test_ops->expected_ioctls;
        if ((uffdio_register.ioctls & expected_ioctls) !=
            expected_ioctls)
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "unexpected missing ioctl for anon memory\n"),
                        exit(1);

        if (uffdio_zeropage(uffd, 0)) {
                if (my_bcmp(area_dst, zeropage, page_size))
                        fprintf(stderr, "zeropage is not zero\n"), exit(1);
        }

        close(uffd);
        printf("done.\n");
        return 0;
}

static int userfaultfd_events_test(void)
{
        struct uffdio_register uffdio_register;
        unsigned long expected_ioctls;
        unsigned long userfaults;
        pthread_t uffd_mon;
        int err, features;
        pid_t pid;
        char c;

        printf("testing events (fork, remap, remove): ");
        fflush(stdout);

        if (uffd_test_ops->release_pages(area_dst))
                return 1;

        features = UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_FORK | UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_REMAP |
                UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_REMOVE;
        if (userfaultfd_open(features) < 0)
                return 1;
        fcntl(uffd, F_SETFL, uffd_flags | O_NONBLOCK);

        uffdio_register.range.start = (unsigned long) area_dst;
        uffdio_register.range.len = nr_pages * page_size;
        uffdio_register.mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING;
        if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &uffdio_register))
                fprintf(stderr, "register failure\n"), exit(1);

        expected_ioctls = uffd_test_ops->expected_ioctls;
        if ((uffdio_register.ioctls & expected_ioctls) !=
            expected_ioctls)
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "unexpected missing ioctl for anon memory\n"),
                        exit(1);

        if (pthread_create(&uffd_mon, &attr, uffd_poll_thread, NULL))
                perror("uffd_poll_thread create"), exit(1);

        pid = fork();
        if (pid < 0)
                perror("fork"), exit(1);

        if (!pid)
                return faulting_process(0);

        waitpid(pid, &err, 0);
        if (err)
                fprintf(stderr, "faulting process failed\n"), exit(1);

        if (write(pipefd[1], &c, sizeof(c)) != sizeof(c))
                perror("pipe write"), exit(1);
        if (pthread_join(uffd_mon, (void **)&userfaults))
                return 1;

        close(uffd);
        printf("userfaults: %ld\n", userfaults);

        return userfaults != nr_pages;
}

static int userfaultfd_sig_test(void)
{
        struct uffdio_register uffdio_register;
        unsigned long expected_ioctls;
        unsigned long userfaults;
        pthread_t uffd_mon;
        int err, features;
        pid_t pid;
        char c;

        printf("testing signal delivery: ");
        fflush(stdout);

        if (uffd_test_ops->release_pages(area_dst))
                return 1;

        features = UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_FORK|UFFD_FEATURE_SIGBUS;
        if (userfaultfd_open(features) < 0)
                return 1;
        fcntl(uffd, F_SETFL, uffd_flags | O_NONBLOCK);

        uffdio_register.range.start = (unsigned long) area_dst;
        uffdio_register.range.len = nr_pages * page_size;
        uffdio_register.mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING;
        if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &uffdio_register))
                fprintf(stderr, "register failure\n"), exit(1);

        expected_ioctls = uffd_test_ops->expected_ioctls;
        if ((uffdio_register.ioctls & expected_ioctls) !=
            expected_ioctls)
                fprintf(stderr,
                        "unexpected missing ioctl for anon memory\n"),
                        exit(1);

        if (faulting_process(1))
                fprintf(stderr, "faulting process failed\n"), exit(1);

        if (uffd_test_ops->release_pages(area_dst))
                return 1;

        if (pthread_create(&uffd_mon, &attr, uffd_poll_thread, NULL))
                perror("uffd_poll_thread create"), exit(1);

        pid = fork();
        if (pid < 0)
                perror("fork"), exit(1);

        if (!pid)
                exit(faulting_process(2));

        waitpid(pid, &err, 0);
        if (err)
                fprintf(stderr, "faulting process failed\n"), exit(1);

        if (write(pipefd[1], &c, sizeof(c)) != sizeof(c))
                perror("pipe write"), exit(1);

        if (pthread_join(uffd_mon, (void **)&userfaults))
                return 1;

        printf("done.\n");
        if (userfaults)
                fprintf(stderr, "Signal test failed, userfaults: %ld\n",
                        userfaults);
        close(uffd);
        return userfaults != 0;
}
static int userfaultfd_stress(void)
{
        void *area;
        char *tmp_area;
        unsigned long nr;
        struct uffdio_register uffdio_register;
        unsigned long cpu;
        int err;
        unsigned long userfaults[nr_cpus];

        uffd_test_ops->allocate_area((void **)&area_src);
        if (!area_src)
                return 1;
        uffd_test_ops->allocate_area((void **)&area_dst);
        if (!area_dst)
                return 1;

        if (userfaultfd_open(0) < 0)
                return 1;

        count_verify = malloc(nr_pages * sizeof(unsigned long long));
        if (!count_verify) {
                perror("count_verify");
                return 1;
        }

        for (nr = 0; nr < nr_pages; nr++) {
                *area_mutex(area_src, nr) = (pthread_mutex_t)
                        PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
                count_verify[nr] = *area_count(area_src, nr) = 1;
                /*
                 * In the transition between 255 to 256, powerpc will
                 * read out of order in my_bcmp and see both bytes as
                 * zero, so leave a placeholder below always non-zero
                 * after the count, to avoid my_bcmp to trigger false
                 * positives.
                 */
                *(area_count(area_src, nr) + 1) = 1;
        }

        pipefd = malloc(sizeof(int) * nr_cpus * 2);
        if (!pipefd) {
                perror("pipefd");
                return 1;
        }
        for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++) {
                if (pipe2(&pipefd[cpu*2], O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK)) {
                        perror("pipe");
                        return 1;
                }
        }

        if (posix_memalign(&area, page_size, page_size)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
                return 1;
        }
        zeropage = area;
        bzero(zeropage, page_size);

        pthread_mutex_lock(&uffd_read_mutex);

        pthread_attr_init(&attr);
        pthread_attr_setstacksize(&attr, 16*1024*1024);

        err = 0;
        while (bounces--) {
                unsigned long expected_ioctls;

                printf("bounces: %d, mode:", bounces);
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_RANDOM)
                        printf(" rnd");
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_RACINGFAULTS)
                        printf(" racing");
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_VERIFY)
                        printf(" ver");
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_POLL)
                        printf(" poll");
                printf(", ");
                fflush(stdout);

                if (bounces & BOUNCE_POLL)
                        fcntl(uffd, F_SETFL, uffd_flags | O_NONBLOCK);
                else
                        fcntl(uffd, F_SETFL, uffd_flags & ~O_NONBLOCK);

                /* register */
                uffdio_register.range.start = (unsigned long) area_dst;
                uffdio_register.range.len = nr_pages * page_size;
                uffdio_register.mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING;
                if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &uffdio_register)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "register failure\n");
                        return 1;
                }
                expected_ioctls = uffd_test_ops->expected_ioctls;
                if ((uffdio_register.ioctls & expected_ioctls) !=
                    expected_ioctls) {
                        fprintf(stderr,
                                "unexpected missing ioctl for anon memory\n");
                        return 1;
                }

                if (area_dst_alias) {
                        uffdio_register.range.start = (unsigned long)
                                area_dst_alias;
                        if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &uffdio_register)) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "register failure alias\n");
                                return 1;
                        }
                }

                /*
                 * The madvise done previously isn't enough: some
                 * uffd_thread could have read userfaults (one of
                 * those already resolved by the background thread)
                 * and it may be in the process of calling
                 * UFFDIO_COPY. UFFDIO_COPY will read the zapped
                 * area_src and it would map a zero page in it (of
                 * course such a UFFDIO_COPY is perfectly safe as it'd
                 * return -EEXIST). The problem comes at the next
                 * bounce though: that racing UFFDIO_COPY would
                 * generate zeropages in the area_src, so invalidating
                 * the previous MADV_DONTNEED. Without this additional
                 * MADV_DONTNEED those zeropages leftovers in the
                 * area_src would lead to -EEXIST failure during the
                 * next bounce, effectively leaving a zeropage in the
                 * area_dst.
                 *
                 * Try to comment this out madvise to see the memory
                 * corruption being caught pretty quick.
                 *
                 * khugepaged is also inhibited to collapse THP after
                 * MADV_DONTNEED only after the UFFDIO_REGISTER, so it's
                 * required to MADV_DONTNEED here.
                 */
                if (uffd_test_ops->release_pages(area_dst))
                        return 1;

                /* bounce pass */
                if (stress(userfaults))
                        return 1;

                /* unregister */
                if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_UNREGISTER, &uffdio_register.range)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "unregister failure\n");
                        return 1;
                }
                if (area_dst_alias) {
                        uffdio_register.range.start = (unsigned long) area_dst;
                        if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_UNREGISTER,
                                  &uffdio_register.range)) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "unregister failure alias\n");
                                return 1;
                        }
                }

                /* verification */
                if (bounces & BOUNCE_VERIFY) {
                        for (nr = 0; nr < nr_pages; nr++) {
                                if (*area_count(area_dst, nr) != count_verify[nr]) {
                                        fprintf(stderr,
                                                "error area_count %Lu %Lu %lu\n",
                                                *area_count(area_src, nr),
                                                count_verify[nr],
                                                nr);
                                        err = 1;
                                        bounces = 0;
                                }
                        }
                }

                /* prepare next bounce */
                tmp_area = area_src;
                area_src = area_dst;
                area_dst = tmp_area;

                tmp_area = area_src_alias;
                area_src_alias = area_dst_alias;
                area_dst_alias = tmp_area;

                printf("userfaults:");
                for (cpu = 0; cpu < nr_cpus; cpu++)
                        printf(" %lu", userfaults[cpu]);
                printf("\n");
        }

        if (err)
                return err;

        close(uffd);
        return userfaultfd_zeropage_test() || userfaultfd_sig_test()
                || userfaultfd_events_test();
}

/*
 * Copied from mlock2-tests.c
 */
unsigned long default_huge_page_size(void)
{
        unsigned long hps = 0;
        char *line = NULL;
        size_t linelen = 0;
        FILE *f = fopen("/proc/meminfo", "r");

        if (!f)
                return 0;
        while (getline(&line, &linelen, f) > 0) {
                if (sscanf(line, "Hugepagesize:       %lu kB", &hps) == 1) {
                        hps <<= 10;
                        break;
                }
        }

        free(line);
        fclose(f);
        return hps;
}

static void set_test_type(const char *type)
{
        if (!strcmp(type, "anon")) {
                test_type = TEST_ANON;
                uffd_test_ops = &anon_uffd_test_ops;
        } else if (!strcmp(type, "hugetlb")) {
                test_type = TEST_HUGETLB;
                uffd_test_ops = &hugetlb_uffd_test_ops;
        } else if (!strcmp(type, "hugetlb_shared")) {
                map_shared = true;
                test_type = TEST_HUGETLB;
                uffd_test_ops = &hugetlb_uffd_test_ops;
        } else if (!strcmp(type, "shmem")) {
                map_shared = true;
                test_type = TEST_SHMEM;
                uffd_test_ops = &shmem_uffd_test_ops;
        } else {
                fprintf(stderr, "Unknown test type: %s\n", type), exit(1);
        }

        if (test_type == TEST_HUGETLB)
                page_size = default_huge_page_size();
        else
                page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);

        if (!page_size)
                fprintf(stderr, "Unable to determine page size\n"),
                                exit(2);
        if ((unsigned long) area_count(NULL, 0) + sizeof(unsigned long long) * 2
            > page_size)
                fprintf(stderr, "Impossible to run this test\n"), exit(2);
}

static void sigalrm(int sig)
{
        if (sig != SIGALRM)
                abort();
        test_uffdio_copy_eexist = true;
        test_uffdio_zeropage_eexist = true;
        alarm(ALARM_INTERVAL_SECS);
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
        if (argc < 4)
                fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <test type> <MiB> <bounces> [hugetlbfs_file]\n"),
                                exit(1);

        if (signal(SIGALRM, sigalrm) == SIG_ERR)
                fprintf(stderr, "failed to arm SIGALRM"), exit(1);
        alarm(ALARM_INTERVAL_SECS);

        set_test_type(argv[1]);

        nr_cpus = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
        nr_pages_per_cpu = atol(argv[2]) * 1024*1024 / page_size /
                nr_cpus;
        if (!nr_pages_per_cpu) {
                fprintf(stderr, "invalid MiB\n");
                fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <MiB> <bounces>\n"), exit(1);
        }

        bounces = atoi(argv[3]);
        if (bounces <= 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "invalid bounces\n");
                fprintf(stderr, "Usage: <MiB> <bounces>\n"), exit(1);
        }
        nr_pages = nr_pages_per_cpu * nr_cpus;

        if (test_type == TEST_HUGETLB) {
                if (argc < 5)
                        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: hugetlb <MiB> <bounces> <hugetlbfs_file>\n"),
                                exit(1);
                huge_fd = open(argv[4], O_CREAT | O_RDWR, 0755);
                if (huge_fd < 0) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Open of %s failed", argv[3]);
                        perror("open");
                        exit(1);
                }
                if (ftruncate(huge_fd, 0)) {
                        fprintf(stderr, "ftruncate %s to size 0 failed", argv[3]);
                        perror("ftruncate");
                        exit(1);
                }
        }
        printf("nr_pages: %lu, nr_pages_per_cpu: %lu\n",
               nr_pages, nr_pages_per_cpu);
        return userfaultfd_stress();
}

#else /* __NR_userfaultfd */

#warning "missing __NR_userfaultfd definition"

int main(void)
{
        printf("skip: Skipping userfaultfd test (missing __NR_userfaultfd)\n");
        return 0;
}

#endif /* __NR_userfaultfd */