// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 Oracle.  All rights reserved.
 */

#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/falloc.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/compat.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/btrfs.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/iversion.h>
#include <linux/fsverity.h>
#include "ctree.h"
#include "disk-io.h"
#include "transaction.h"
#include "btrfs_inode.h"
#include "print-tree.h"
#include "tree-log.h"
#include "locking.h"
#include "volumes.h"
#include "qgroup.h"
#include "compression.h"
#include "delalloc-space.h"
#include "reflink.h"
#include "subpage.h"

static struct kmem_cache *btrfs_inode_defrag_cachep;
/*
 * when auto defrag is enabled we
 * queue up these defrag structs to remember which
 * inodes need defragging passes
 */
struct inode_defrag {
        struct rb_node rb_node;
        /* objectid */
        u64 ino;
        /*
         * transid where the defrag was added, we search for
         * extents newer than this
         */
        u64 transid;

        /* root objectid */
        u64 root;

        /*
         * The extent size threshold for autodefrag.
         *
         * This value is different for compressed/non-compressed extents,
         * thus needs to be passed from higher layer.
         * (aka, inode_should_defrag())
         */
        u32 extent_thresh;
};

static int __compare_inode_defrag(struct inode_defrag *defrag1,
                                  struct inode_defrag *defrag2)
{
        if (defrag1->root > defrag2->root)
                return 1;
        else if (defrag1->root < defrag2->root)
                return -1;
        else if (defrag1->ino > defrag2->ino)
                return 1;
        else if (defrag1->ino < defrag2->ino)
                return -1;
        else
                return 0;
}

/* pop a record for an inode into the defrag tree.  The lock
 * must be held already
 *
 * If you're inserting a record for an older transid than an
 * existing record, the transid already in the tree is lowered
 *
 * If an existing record is found the defrag item you
 * pass in is freed
 */
static int __btrfs_add_inode_defrag(struct btrfs_inode *inode,
                                    struct inode_defrag *defrag)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = inode->root->fs_info;
        struct inode_defrag *entry;
        struct rb_node **p;
        struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
        int ret;

        p = &fs_info->defrag_inodes.rb_node;
        while (*p) {
                parent = *p;
                entry = rb_entry(parent, struct inode_defrag, rb_node);

                ret = __compare_inode_defrag(defrag, entry);
                if (ret < 0)
                        p = &parent->rb_left;
                else if (ret > 0)
                        p = &parent->rb_right;
                else {
                        /* if we're reinserting an entry for
                         * an old defrag run, make sure to
                         * lower the transid of our existing record
                         */
                        if (defrag->transid < entry->transid)
                                entry->transid = defrag->transid;
                        entry->extent_thresh = min(defrag->extent_thresh,
                                                   entry->extent_thresh);
                        return -EEXIST;
                }
        }
        set_bit(BTRFS_INODE_IN_DEFRAG, &inode->runtime_flags);
        rb_link_node(&defrag->rb_node, parent, p);
        rb_insert_color(&defrag->rb_node, &fs_info->defrag_inodes);
        return 0;
}

static inline int __need_auto_defrag(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info)
{
        if (!btrfs_test_opt(fs_info, AUTO_DEFRAG))
                return 0;

        if (btrfs_fs_closing(fs_info))
                return 0;

        return 1;
}

/*
 * insert a defrag record for this inode if auto defrag is
 * enabled
 */
int btrfs_add_inode_defrag(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
                           struct btrfs_inode *inode, u32 extent_thresh)
{
        struct btrfs_root *root = inode->root;
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = root->fs_info;
        struct inode_defrag *defrag;
        u64 transid;
        int ret;

        if (!__need_auto_defrag(fs_info))
                return 0;

        if (test_bit(BTRFS_INODE_IN_DEFRAG, &inode->runtime_flags))
                return 0;

        if (trans)
                transid = trans->transid;
        else
                transid = inode->root->last_trans;

        defrag = kmem_cache_zalloc(btrfs_inode_defrag_cachep, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!defrag)
                return -ENOMEM;

        defrag->ino = btrfs_ino(inode);
        defrag->transid = transid;
        defrag->root = root->root_key.objectid;
        defrag->extent_thresh = extent_thresh;

        spin_lock(&fs_info->defrag_inodes_lock);
        if (!test_bit(BTRFS_INODE_IN_DEFRAG, &inode->runtime_flags)) {
                /*
                 * If we set IN_DEFRAG flag and evict the inode from memory,
                 * and then re-read this inode, this new inode doesn't have
                 * IN_DEFRAG flag. At the case, we may find the existed defrag.
                 */
                ret = __btrfs_add_inode_defrag(inode, defrag);
                if (ret)
                        kmem_cache_free(btrfs_inode_defrag_cachep, defrag);
        } else {
                kmem_cache_free(btrfs_inode_defrag_cachep, defrag);
        }
        spin_unlock(&fs_info->defrag_inodes_lock);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * pick the defragable inode that we want, if it doesn't exist, we will get
 * the next one.
 */
static struct inode_defrag *
btrfs_pick_defrag_inode(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info, u64 root, u64 ino)
{
        struct inode_defrag *entry = NULL;
        struct inode_defrag tmp;
        struct rb_node *p;
        struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
        int ret;

        tmp.ino = ino;
        tmp.root = root;

        spin_lock(&fs_info->defrag_inodes_lock);
        p = fs_info->defrag_inodes.rb_node;
        while (p) {
                parent = p;
                entry = rb_entry(parent, struct inode_defrag, rb_node);

                ret = __compare_inode_defrag(&tmp, entry);
                if (ret < 0)
                        p = parent->rb_left;
                else if (ret > 0)
                        p = parent->rb_right;
                else
                        goto out;
        }

        if (parent && __compare_inode_defrag(&tmp, entry) > 0) {
                parent = rb_next(parent);
                if (parent)
                        entry = rb_entry(parent, struct inode_defrag, rb_node);
                else
                        entry = NULL;
        }
out:
        if (entry)
                rb_erase(parent, &fs_info->defrag_inodes);
        spin_unlock(&fs_info->defrag_inodes_lock);
        return entry;
}

void btrfs_cleanup_defrag_inodes(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info)
{
        struct inode_defrag *defrag;
        struct rb_node *node;

        spin_lock(&fs_info->defrag_inodes_lock);
        node = rb_first(&fs_info->defrag_inodes);
        while (node) {
                rb_erase(node, &fs_info->defrag_inodes);
                defrag = rb_entry(node, struct inode_defrag, rb_node);
                kmem_cache_free(btrfs_inode_defrag_cachep, defrag);

                cond_resched_lock(&fs_info->defrag_inodes_lock);

                node = rb_first(&fs_info->defrag_inodes);
        }
        spin_unlock(&fs_info->defrag_inodes_lock);
}

#define BTRFS_DEFRAG_BATCH      1024

static int __btrfs_run_defrag_inode(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info,
                                    struct inode_defrag *defrag)
{
        struct btrfs_root *inode_root;
        struct inode *inode;
        struct btrfs_ioctl_defrag_range_args range;
        int ret = 0;
        u64 cur = 0;

again:
        if (test_bit(BTRFS_FS_STATE_REMOUNTING, &fs_info->fs_state))
                goto cleanup;
        if (!__need_auto_defrag(fs_info))
                goto cleanup;

        /* get the inode */
        inode_root = btrfs_get_fs_root(fs_info, defrag->root, true);
        if (IS_ERR(inode_root)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(inode_root);
                goto cleanup;
        }

        inode = btrfs_iget(fs_info->sb, defrag->ino, inode_root);
        btrfs_put_root(inode_root);
        if (IS_ERR(inode)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(inode);
                goto cleanup;
        }

        if (cur >= i_size_read(inode)) {
                iput(inode);
                goto cleanup;
        }

        /* do a chunk of defrag */
        clear_bit(BTRFS_INODE_IN_DEFRAG, &BTRFS_I(inode)->runtime_flags);
        memset(&range, 0, sizeof(range));
        range.len = (u64)-1;
        range.start = cur;
        range.extent_thresh = defrag->extent_thresh;

        sb_start_write(fs_info->sb);
        ret = btrfs_defrag_file(inode, NULL, &range, defrag->transid,
                                       BTRFS_DEFRAG_BATCH);
        sb_end_write(fs_info->sb);
        iput(inode);

        if (ret < 0)
                goto cleanup;

        cur = max(cur + fs_info->sectorsize, range.start);
        goto again;

cleanup:
        kmem_cache_free(btrfs_inode_defrag_cachep, defrag);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * run through the list of inodes in the FS that need
 * defragging
 */
int btrfs_run_defrag_inodes(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info)
{
        struct inode_defrag *defrag;
        u64 first_ino = 0;
        u64 root_objectid = 0;

        atomic_inc(&fs_info->defrag_running);
        while (1) {
                /* Pause the auto defragger. */
                if (test_bit(BTRFS_FS_STATE_REMOUNTING,
                             &fs_info->fs_state))
                        break;

                if (!__need_auto_defrag(fs_info))
                        break;

                /* find an inode to defrag */
                defrag = btrfs_pick_defrag_inode(fs_info, root_objectid,
                                                 first_ino);
                if (!defrag) {
                        if (root_objectid || first_ino) {
                                root_objectid = 0;
                                first_ino = 0;
                                continue;
                        } else {
                                break;
                        }
                }

                first_ino = defrag->ino + 1;
                root_objectid = defrag->root;

                __btrfs_run_defrag_inode(fs_info, defrag);
        }
        atomic_dec(&fs_info->defrag_running);

        /*
         * during unmount, we use the transaction_wait queue to
         * wait for the defragger to stop
         */
        wake_up(&fs_info->transaction_wait);
        return 0;
}

/* simple helper to fault in pages and copy.  This should go away
 * and be replaced with calls into generic code.
 */
static noinline int btrfs_copy_from_user(loff_t pos, size_t write_bytes,
                                         struct page **prepared_pages,
                                         struct iov_iter *i)
{
        size_t copied = 0;
        size_t total_copied = 0;
        int pg = 0;
        int offset = offset_in_page(pos);

        while (write_bytes > 0) {
                size_t count = min_t(size_t,
                                     PAGE_SIZE - offset, write_bytes);
                struct page *page = prepared_pages[pg];
                /*
                 * Copy data from userspace to the current page
                 */
                copied = copy_page_from_iter_atomic(page, offset, count, i);

                /* Flush processor's dcache for this page */
                flush_dcache_page(page);

                /*
                 * if we get a partial write, we can end up with
                 * partially up to date pages.  These add
                 * a lot of complexity, so make sure they don't
                 * happen by forcing this copy to be retried.
                 *
                 * The rest of the btrfs_file_write code will fall
                 * back to page at a time copies after we return 0.
                 */
                if (unlikely(copied < count)) {
                        if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
                                iov_iter_revert(i, copied);
                                copied = 0;
                        }
                        if (!copied)
                                break;
                }

                write_bytes -= copied;
                total_copied += copied;
                offset += copied;
                if (offset == PAGE_SIZE) {
                        pg++;
                        offset = 0;
                }
        }
        return total_copied;
}

/*
 * unlocks pages after btrfs_file_write is done with them
 */
static void btrfs_drop_pages(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info,
                             struct page **pages, size_t num_pages,
                             u64 pos, u64 copied)
{
        size_t i;
        u64 block_start = round_down(pos, fs_info->sectorsize);
        u64 block_len = round_up(pos + copied, fs_info->sectorsize) - block_start;

        ASSERT(block_len <= U32_MAX);
        for (i = 0; i < num_pages; i++) {
                /* page checked is some magic around finding pages that
                 * have been modified without going through btrfs_set_page_dirty
                 * clear it here. There should be no need to mark the pages
                 * accessed as prepare_pages should have marked them accessed
                 * in prepare_pages via find_or_create_page()
                 */
                btrfs_page_clamp_clear_checked(fs_info, pages[i], block_start,
                                               block_len);
                unlock_page(pages[i]);
                put_page(pages[i]);
        }
}

/*
 * After btrfs_copy_from_user(), update the following things for delalloc:
 * - Mark newly dirtied pages as DELALLOC in the io tree.
 *   Used to advise which range is to be written back.
 * - Mark modified pages as Uptodate/Dirty and not needing COW fixup
 * - Update inode size for past EOF write
 */
int btrfs_dirty_pages(struct btrfs_inode *inode, struct page **pages,
                      size_t num_pages, loff_t pos, size_t write_bytes,
                      struct extent_state **cached, bool noreserve)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = inode->root->fs_info;
        int err = 0;
        int i;
        u64 num_bytes;
        u64 start_pos;
        u64 end_of_last_block;
        u64 end_pos = pos + write_bytes;
        loff_t isize = i_size_read(&inode->vfs_inode);
        unsigned int extra_bits = 0;

        if (write_bytes == 0)
                return 0;

        if (noreserve)
                extra_bits |= EXTENT_NORESERVE;

        start_pos = round_down(pos, fs_info->sectorsize);
        num_bytes = round_up(write_bytes + pos - start_pos,
                             fs_info->sectorsize);
        ASSERT(num_bytes <= U32_MAX);

        end_of_last_block = start_pos + num_bytes - 1;

        /*
         * The pages may have already been dirty, clear out old accounting so
         * we can set things up properly
         */
        clear_extent_bit(&inode->io_tree, start_pos, end_of_last_block,
                         EXTENT_DELALLOC | EXTENT_DO_ACCOUNTING | EXTENT_DEFRAG,
                         0, 0, cached);

        err = btrfs_set_extent_delalloc(inode, start_pos, end_of_last_block,
                                        extra_bits, cached);
        if (err)
                return err;

        for (i = 0; i < num_pages; i++) {
                struct page *p = pages[i];

                btrfs_page_clamp_set_uptodate(fs_info, p, start_pos, num_bytes);
                btrfs_page_clamp_clear_checked(fs_info, p, start_pos, num_bytes);
                btrfs_page_clamp_set_dirty(fs_info, p, start_pos, num_bytes);
        }

        /*
         * we've only changed i_size in ram, and we haven't updated
         * the disk i_size.  There is no need to log the inode
         * at this time.
         */
        if (end_pos > isize)
                i_size_write(&inode->vfs_inode, end_pos);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * this drops all the extents in the cache that intersect the range
 * [start, end].  Existing extents are split as required.
 */
void btrfs_drop_extent_cache(struct btrfs_inode *inode, u64 start, u64 end,
                             int skip_pinned)
{
        struct extent_map *em;
        struct extent_map *split = NULL;
        struct extent_map *split2 = NULL;
        struct extent_map_tree *em_tree = &inode->extent_tree;
        u64 len = end - start + 1;
        u64 gen;
        int ret;
        int testend = 1;
        unsigned long flags;
        int compressed = 0;
        bool modified;

        WARN_ON(end < start);
        if (end == (u64)-1) {
                len = (u64)-1;
                testend = 0;
        }
        while (1) {
                int no_splits = 0;

                modified = false;
                if (!split)
                        split = alloc_extent_map();
                if (!split2)
                        split2 = alloc_extent_map();
                if (!split || !split2)
                        no_splits = 1;

                write_lock(&em_tree->lock);
                em = lookup_extent_mapping(em_tree, start, len);
                if (!em) {
                        write_unlock(&em_tree->lock);
                        break;
                }
                flags = em->flags;
                gen = em->generation;
                if (skip_pinned && test_bit(EXTENT_FLAG_PINNED, &em->flags)) {
                        if (testend && em->start + em->len >= start + len) {
                                free_extent_map(em);
                                write_unlock(&em_tree->lock);
                                break;
                        }
                        start = em->start + em->len;
                        if (testend)
                                len = start + len - (em->start + em->len);
                        free_extent_map(em);
                        write_unlock(&em_tree->lock);
                        continue;
                }
                compressed = test_bit(EXTENT_FLAG_COMPRESSED, &em->flags);
                clear_bit(EXTENT_FLAG_PINNED, &em->flags);
                clear_bit(EXTENT_FLAG_LOGGING, &flags);
                modified = !list_empty(&em->list);
                if (no_splits)
                        goto next;

                if (em->start < start) {
                        split->start = em->start;
                        split->len = start - em->start;

                        if (em->block_start < EXTENT_MAP_LAST_BYTE) {
                                split->orig_start = em->orig_start;
                                split->block_start = em->block_start;

                                if (compressed)
                                        split->block_len = em->block_len;
                                else
                                        split->block_len = split->len;
                                split->orig_block_len = max(split->block_len,
                                                em->orig_block_len);
                                split->ram_bytes = em->ram_bytes;
                        } else {
                                split->orig_start = split->start;
                                split->block_len = 0;
                                split->block_start = em->block_start;
                                split->orig_block_len = 0;
                                split->ram_bytes = split->len;
                        }

                        split->generation = gen;
                        split->flags = flags;
                        split->compress_type = em->compress_type;
                        replace_extent_mapping(em_tree, em, split, modified);
                        free_extent_map(split);
                        split = split2;
                        split2 = NULL;
                }
                if (testend && em->start + em->len > start + len) {
                        u64 diff = start + len - em->start;

                        split->start = start + len;
                        split->len = em->start + em->len - (start + len);
                        split->flags = flags;
                        split->compress_type = em->compress_type;
                        split->generation = gen;

                        if (em->block_start < EXTENT_MAP_LAST_BYTE) {
                                split->orig_block_len = max(em->block_len,
                                                    em->orig_block_len);

                                split->ram_bytes = em->ram_bytes;
                                if (compressed) {
                                        split->block_len = em->block_len;
                                        split->block_start = em->block_start;
                                        split->orig_start = em->orig_start;
                                } else {
                                        split->block_len = split->len;
                                        split->block_start = em->block_start
                                                + diff;
                                        split->orig_start = em->orig_start;
                                }
                        } else {
                                split->ram_bytes = split->len;
                                split->orig_start = split->start;
                                split->block_len = 0;
                                split->block_start = em->block_start;
                                split->orig_block_len = 0;
                        }

                        if (extent_map_in_tree(em)) {
                                replace_extent_mapping(em_tree, em, split,
                                                       modified);
                        } else {
                                ret = add_extent_mapping(em_tree, split,
                                                         modified);
                                ASSERT(ret == 0); /* Logic error */
                        }
                        free_extent_map(split);
                        split = NULL;
                }
next:
                if (extent_map_in_tree(em))
                        remove_extent_mapping(em_tree, em);
                write_unlock(&em_tree->lock);

                /* once for us */
                free_extent_map(em);
                /* once for the tree*/
                free_extent_map(em);
        }
        if (split)
                free_extent_map(split);
        if (split2)
                free_extent_map(split2);
}

/*
 * this is very complex, but the basic idea is to drop all extents
 * in the range start - end.  hint_block is filled in with a block number
 * that would be a good hint to the block allocator for this file.
 *
 * If an extent intersects the range but is not entirely inside the range
 * it is either truncated or split.  Anything entirely inside the range
 * is deleted from the tree.
 *
 * Note: the VFS' inode number of bytes is not updated, it's up to the caller
 * to deal with that. We set the field 'bytes_found' of the arguments structure
 * with the number of allocated bytes found in the target range, so that the
 * caller can update the inode's number of bytes in an atomic way when
 * replacing extents in a range to avoid races with stat(2).
 */
int btrfs_drop_extents(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
                       struct btrfs_root *root, struct btrfs_inode *inode,
                       struct btrfs_drop_extents_args *args)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = root->fs_info;
        struct extent_buffer *leaf;
        struct btrfs_file_extent_item *fi;
        struct btrfs_ref ref = { 0 };
        struct btrfs_key key;
        struct btrfs_key new_key;
        u64 ino = btrfs_ino(inode);
        u64 search_start = args->start;
        u64 disk_bytenr = 0;
        u64 num_bytes = 0;
        u64 extent_offset = 0;
        u64 extent_end = 0;
        u64 last_end = args->start;
        int del_nr = 0;
        int del_slot = 0;
        int extent_type;
        int recow;
        int ret;
        int modify_tree = -1;
        int update_refs;
        int found = 0;
        int leafs_visited = 0;
        struct btrfs_path *path = args->path;

        args->bytes_found = 0;
        args->extent_inserted = false;

        /* Must always have a path if ->replace_extent is true */
        ASSERT(!(args->replace_extent && !args->path));

        if (!path) {
                path = btrfs_alloc_path();
                if (!path) {
                        ret = -ENOMEM;
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        if (args->drop_cache)
                btrfs_drop_extent_cache(inode, args->start, args->end - 1, 0);

        if (args->start >= inode->disk_i_size && !args->replace_extent)
                modify_tree = 0;

        update_refs = (root->root_key.objectid != BTRFS_TREE_LOG_OBJECTID);
        while (1) {
                recow = 0;
                ret = btrfs_lookup_file_extent(trans, root, path, ino,
                                               search_start, modify_tree);
                if (ret < 0)
                        break;
                if (ret > 0 && path->slots[0] > 0 && search_start == args->start) {
                        leaf = path->nodes[0];
                        btrfs_item_key_to_cpu(leaf, &key, path->slots[0] - 1);
                        if (key.objectid == ino &&
                            key.type == BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY)
                                path->slots[0]--;
                }
                ret = 0;
                leafs_visited++;
next_slot:
                leaf = path->nodes[0];
                if (path->slots[0] >= btrfs_header_nritems(leaf)) {
                        BUG_ON(del_nr > 0);
                        ret = btrfs_next_leaf(root, path);
                        if (ret < 0)
                                break;
                        if (ret > 0) {
                                ret = 0;
                                break;
                        }
                        leafs_visited++;
                        leaf = path->nodes[0];
                        recow = 1;
                }

                btrfs_item_key_to_cpu(leaf, &key, path->slots[0]);

                if (key.objectid > ino)
                        break;
                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(key.objectid < ino) ||
                    key.type < BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY) {
                        ASSERT(del_nr == 0);
                        path->slots[0]++;
                        goto next_slot;
                }
                if (key.type > BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY || key.offset >= args->end)
                        break;

                fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                                    struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                extent_type = btrfs_file_extent_type(leaf, fi);

                if (extent_type == BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_REG ||
                    extent_type == BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_PREALLOC) {
                        disk_bytenr = btrfs_file_extent_disk_bytenr(leaf, fi);
                        num_bytes = btrfs_file_extent_disk_num_bytes(leaf, fi);
                        extent_offset = btrfs_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi);
                        extent_end = key.offset +
                                btrfs_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi);
                } else if (extent_type == BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_INLINE) {
                        extent_end = key.offset +
                                btrfs_file_extent_ram_bytes(leaf, fi);
                } else {
                        /* can't happen */
                        BUG();
                }

                /*
                 * Don't skip extent items representing 0 byte lengths. They
                 * used to be created (bug) if while punching holes we hit
                 * -ENOSPC condition. So if we find one here, just ensure we
                 * delete it, otherwise we would insert a new file extent item
                 * with the same key (offset) as that 0 bytes length file
                 * extent item in the call to setup_items_for_insert() later
                 * in this function.
                 */
                if (extent_end == key.offset && extent_end >= search_start) {
                        last_end = extent_end;
                        goto delete_extent_item;
                }

                if (extent_end <= search_start) {
                        path->slots[0]++;
                        goto next_slot;
                }

                found = 1;
                search_start = max(key.offset, args->start);
                if (recow || !modify_tree) {
                        modify_tree = -1;
                        btrfs_release_path(path);
                        continue;
                }

                /*
                 *     | - range to drop - |
                 *  | -------- extent -------- |
                 */
                if (args->start > key.offset && args->end < extent_end) {
                        BUG_ON(del_nr > 0);
                        if (extent_type == BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_INLINE) {
                                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                                break;
                        }

                        memcpy(&new_key, &key, sizeof(new_key));
                        new_key.offset = args->start;
                        ret = btrfs_duplicate_item(trans, root, path,
                                                   &new_key);
                        if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
                                btrfs_release_path(path);
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (ret < 0)
                                break;

                        leaf = path->nodes[0];
                        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0] - 1,
                                            struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                        args->start - key.offset);

                        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                                            struct btrfs_file_extent_item);

                        extent_offset += args->start - key.offset;
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi, extent_offset);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                        extent_end - args->start);
                        btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);

                        if (update_refs && disk_bytenr > 0) {
                                btrfs_init_generic_ref(&ref,
                                                BTRFS_ADD_DELAYED_REF,
                                                disk_bytenr, num_bytes, 0);
                                btrfs_init_data_ref(&ref,
                                                root->root_key.objectid,
                                                new_key.objectid,
                                                args->start - extent_offset,
                                                0, false);
                                ret = btrfs_inc_extent_ref(trans, &ref);
                                BUG_ON(ret); /* -ENOMEM */
                        }
                        key.offset = args->start;
                }
                /*
                 * From here on out we will have actually dropped something, so
                 * last_end can be updated.
                 */
                last_end = extent_end;

                /*
                 *  | ---- range to drop ----- |
                 *      | -------- extent -------- |
                 */
                if (args->start <= key.offset && args->end < extent_end) {
                        if (extent_type == BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_INLINE) {
                                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                                break;
                        }

                        memcpy(&new_key, &key, sizeof(new_key));
                        new_key.offset = args->end;
                        btrfs_set_item_key_safe(fs_info, path, &new_key);

                        extent_offset += args->end - key.offset;
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi, extent_offset);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                        extent_end - args->end);
                        btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
                        if (update_refs && disk_bytenr > 0)
                                args->bytes_found += args->end - key.offset;
                        break;
                }

                search_start = extent_end;
                /*
                 *       | ---- range to drop ----- |
                 *  | -------- extent -------- |
                 */
                if (args->start > key.offset && args->end >= extent_end) {
                        BUG_ON(del_nr > 0);
                        if (extent_type == BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_INLINE) {
                                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                                break;
                        }

                        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                        args->start - key.offset);
                        btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
                        if (update_refs && disk_bytenr > 0)
                                args->bytes_found += extent_end - args->start;
                        if (args->end == extent_end)
                                break;

                        path->slots[0]++;
                        goto next_slot;
                }

                /*
                 *  | ---- range to drop ----- |
                 *    | ------ extent ------ |
                 */
                if (args->start <= key.offset && args->end >= extent_end) {
delete_extent_item:
                        if (del_nr == 0) {
                                del_slot = path->slots[0];
                                del_nr = 1;
                        } else {
                                BUG_ON(del_slot + del_nr != path->slots[0]);
                                del_nr++;
                        }

                        if (update_refs &&
                            extent_type == BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_INLINE) {
                                args->bytes_found += extent_end - key.offset;
                                extent_end = ALIGN(extent_end,
                                                   fs_info->sectorsize);
                        } else if (update_refs && disk_bytenr > 0) {
                                btrfs_init_generic_ref(&ref,
                                                BTRFS_DROP_DELAYED_REF,
                                                disk_bytenr, num_bytes, 0);
                                btrfs_init_data_ref(&ref,
                                                root->root_key.objectid,
                                                key.objectid,
                                                key.offset - extent_offset, 0,
                                                false);
                                ret = btrfs_free_extent(trans, &ref);
                                BUG_ON(ret); /* -ENOMEM */
                                args->bytes_found += extent_end - key.offset;
                        }

                        if (args->end == extent_end)
                                break;

                        if (path->slots[0] + 1 < btrfs_header_nritems(leaf)) {
                                path->slots[0]++;
                                goto next_slot;
                        }

                        ret = btrfs_del_items(trans, root, path, del_slot,
                                              del_nr);
                        if (ret) {
                                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                                break;
                        }

                        del_nr = 0;
                        del_slot = 0;

                        btrfs_release_path(path);
                        continue;
                }

                BUG();
        }

        if (!ret && del_nr > 0) {
                /*
                 * Set path->slots[0] to first slot, so that after the delete
                 * if items are move off from our leaf to its immediate left or
                 * right neighbor leafs, we end up with a correct and adjusted
                 * path->slots[0] for our insertion (if args->replace_extent).
                 */
                path->slots[0] = del_slot;
                ret = btrfs_del_items(trans, root, path, del_slot, del_nr);
                if (ret)
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
        }

        leaf = path->nodes[0];
        /*
         * If btrfs_del_items() was called, it might have deleted a leaf, in
         * which case it unlocked our path, so check path->locks[0] matches a
         * write lock.
         */
        if (!ret && args->replace_extent && leafs_visited == 1 &&
            path->locks[0] == BTRFS_WRITE_LOCK &&
            btrfs_leaf_free_space(leaf) >=
            sizeof(struct btrfs_item) + args->extent_item_size) {

                key.objectid = ino;
                key.type = BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY;
                key.offset = args->start;
                if (!del_nr && path->slots[0] < btrfs_header_nritems(leaf)) {
                        struct btrfs_key slot_key;

                        btrfs_item_key_to_cpu(leaf, &slot_key, path->slots[0]);
                        if (btrfs_comp_cpu_keys(&key, &slot_key) > 0)
                                path->slots[0]++;
                }
                btrfs_setup_item_for_insert(root, path, &key, args->extent_item_size);
                args->extent_inserted = true;
        }

        if (!args->path)
                btrfs_free_path(path);
        else if (!args->extent_inserted)
                btrfs_release_path(path);
out:
        args->drop_end = found ? min(args->end, last_end) : args->end;

        return ret;
}

static int extent_mergeable(struct extent_buffer *leaf, int slot,
                            u64 objectid, u64 bytenr, u64 orig_offset,
                            u64 *start, u64 *end)
{
        struct btrfs_file_extent_item *fi;
        struct btrfs_key key;
        u64 extent_end;

        if (slot < 0 || slot >= btrfs_header_nritems(leaf))
                return 0;

        btrfs_item_key_to_cpu(leaf, &key, slot);
        if (key.objectid != objectid || key.type != BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY)
                return 0;

        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, slot, struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
        if (btrfs_file_extent_type(leaf, fi) != BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_REG ||
            btrfs_file_extent_disk_bytenr(leaf, fi) != bytenr ||
            btrfs_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi) != key.offset - orig_offset ||
            btrfs_file_extent_compression(leaf, fi) ||
            btrfs_file_extent_encryption(leaf, fi) ||
            btrfs_file_extent_other_encoding(leaf, fi))
                return 0;

        extent_end = key.offset + btrfs_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi);
        if ((*start && *start != key.offset) || (*end && *end != extent_end))
                return 0;

        *start = key.offset;
        *end = extent_end;
        return 1;
}

/*
 * Mark extent in the range start - end as written.
 *
 * This changes extent type from 'pre-allocated' to 'regular'. If only
 * part of extent is marked as written, the extent will be split into
 * two or three.
 */
int btrfs_mark_extent_written(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
                              struct btrfs_inode *inode, u64 start, u64 end)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = trans->fs_info;
        struct btrfs_root *root = inode->root;
        struct extent_buffer *leaf;
        struct btrfs_path *path;
        struct btrfs_file_extent_item *fi;
        struct btrfs_ref ref = { 0 };
        struct btrfs_key key;
        struct btrfs_key new_key;
        u64 bytenr;
        u64 num_bytes;
        u64 extent_end;
        u64 orig_offset;
        u64 other_start;
        u64 other_end;
        u64 split;
        int del_nr = 0;
        int del_slot = 0;
        int recow;
        int ret = 0;
        u64 ino = btrfs_ino(inode);

        path = btrfs_alloc_path();
        if (!path)
                return -ENOMEM;
again:
        recow = 0;
        split = start;
        key.objectid = ino;
        key.type = BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY;
        key.offset = split;

        ret = btrfs_search_slot(trans, root, &key, path, -1, 1);
        if (ret < 0)
                goto out;
        if (ret > 0 && path->slots[0] > 0)
                path->slots[0]--;

        leaf = path->nodes[0];
        btrfs_item_key_to_cpu(leaf, &key, path->slots[0]);
        if (key.objectid != ino ||
            key.type != BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                goto out;
        }
        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                            struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
        if (btrfs_file_extent_type(leaf, fi) != BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_PREALLOC) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                goto out;
        }
        extent_end = key.offset + btrfs_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi);
        if (key.offset > start || extent_end < end) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                goto out;
        }

        bytenr = btrfs_file_extent_disk_bytenr(leaf, fi);
        num_bytes = btrfs_file_extent_disk_num_bytes(leaf, fi);
        orig_offset = key.offset - btrfs_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi);
        memcpy(&new_key, &key, sizeof(new_key));

        if (start == key.offset && end < extent_end) {
                other_start = 0;
                other_end = start;
                if (extent_mergeable(leaf, path->slots[0] - 1,
                                     ino, bytenr, orig_offset,
                                     &other_start, &other_end)) {
                        new_key.offset = end;
                        btrfs_set_item_key_safe(fs_info, path, &new_key);
                        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                                            struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, fi,
                                                         trans->transid);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                        extent_end - end);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi,
                                                     end - orig_offset);
                        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0] - 1,
                                            struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, fi,
                                                         trans->transid);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                        end - other_start);
                        btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        if (start > key.offset && end == extent_end) {
                other_start = end;
                other_end = 0;
                if (extent_mergeable(leaf, path->slots[0] + 1,
                                     ino, bytenr, orig_offset,
                                     &other_start, &other_end)) {
                        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                                            struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                        start - key.offset);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, fi,
                                                         trans->transid);
                        path->slots[0]++;
                        new_key.offset = start;
                        btrfs_set_item_key_safe(fs_info, path, &new_key);

                        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                                            struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, fi,
                                                         trans->transid);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                        other_end - start);
                        btrfs_set_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi,
                                                     start - orig_offset);
                        btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        while (start > key.offset || end < extent_end) {
                if (key.offset == start)
                        split = end;

                new_key.offset = split;
                ret = btrfs_duplicate_item(trans, root, path, &new_key);
                if (ret == -EAGAIN) {
                        btrfs_release_path(path);
                        goto again;
                }
                if (ret < 0) {
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        goto out;
                }

                leaf = path->nodes[0];
                fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0] - 1,
                                    struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, fi, trans->transid);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                split - key.offset);

                fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                                    struct btrfs_file_extent_item);

                btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, fi, trans->transid);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi, split - orig_offset);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                extent_end - split);
                btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);

                btrfs_init_generic_ref(&ref, BTRFS_ADD_DELAYED_REF, bytenr,
                                       num_bytes, 0);
                btrfs_init_data_ref(&ref, root->root_key.objectid, ino,
                                    orig_offset, 0, false);
                ret = btrfs_inc_extent_ref(trans, &ref);
                if (ret) {
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        goto out;
                }

                if (split == start) {
                        key.offset = start;
                } else {
                        if (start != key.offset) {
                                ret = -EINVAL;
                                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                                goto out;
                        }
                        path->slots[0]--;
                        extent_end = end;
                }
                recow = 1;
        }

        other_start = end;
        other_end = 0;
        btrfs_init_generic_ref(&ref, BTRFS_DROP_DELAYED_REF, bytenr,
                               num_bytes, 0);
        btrfs_init_data_ref(&ref, root->root_key.objectid, ino, orig_offset,
                            0, false);
        if (extent_mergeable(leaf, path->slots[0] + 1,
                             ino, bytenr, orig_offset,
                             &other_start, &other_end)) {
                if (recow) {
                        btrfs_release_path(path);
                        goto again;
                }
                extent_end = other_end;
                del_slot = path->slots[0] + 1;
                del_nr++;
                ret = btrfs_free_extent(trans, &ref);
                if (ret) {
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        goto out;
                }
        }
        other_start = 0;
        other_end = start;
        if (extent_mergeable(leaf, path->slots[0] - 1,
                             ino, bytenr, orig_offset,
                             &other_start, &other_end)) {
                if (recow) {
                        btrfs_release_path(path);
                        goto again;
                }
                key.offset = other_start;
                del_slot = path->slots[0];
                del_nr++;
                ret = btrfs_free_extent(trans, &ref);
                if (ret) {
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        goto out;
                }
        }
        if (del_nr == 0) {
                fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                           struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_type(leaf, fi,
                                           BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_REG);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, fi, trans->transid);
                btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
        } else {
                fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, del_slot - 1,
                           struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_type(leaf, fi,
                                           BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_REG);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, fi, trans->transid);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi,
                                                extent_end - key.offset);
                btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);

                ret = btrfs_del_items(trans, root, path, del_slot, del_nr);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        goto out;
                }
        }
out:
        btrfs_free_path(path);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * on error we return an unlocked page and the error value
 * on success we return a locked page and 0
 */
static int prepare_uptodate_page(struct inode *inode,
                                 struct page *page, u64 pos,
                                 bool force_uptodate)
{
        int ret = 0;

        if (((pos & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) || force_uptodate) &&
            !PageUptodate(page)) {
                ret = btrfs_readpage(NULL, page);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
                lock_page(page);
                if (!PageUptodate(page)) {
                        unlock_page(page);
                        return -EIO;
                }

                /*
                 * Since btrfs_readpage() will unlock the page before it
                 * returns, there is a window where btrfs_releasepage() can be
                 * called to release the page.  Here we check both inode
                 * mapping and PagePrivate() to make sure the page was not
                 * released.
                 *
                 * The private flag check is essential for subpage as we need
                 * to store extra bitmap using page->private.
                 */
                if (page->mapping != inode->i_mapping || !PagePrivate(page)) {
                        unlock_page(page);
                        return -EAGAIN;
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * this just gets pages into the page cache and locks them down.
 */
static noinline int prepare_pages(struct inode *inode, struct page **pages,
                                  size_t num_pages, loff_t pos,
                                  size_t write_bytes, bool force_uptodate)
{
        int i;
        unsigned long index = pos >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        gfp_t mask = btrfs_alloc_write_mask(inode->i_mapping);
        int err = 0;
        int faili;

        for (i = 0; i < num_pages; i++) {
again:
                pages[i] = find_or_create_page(inode->i_mapping, index + i,
                                               mask | __GFP_WRITE);
                if (!pages[i]) {
                        faili = i - 1;
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto fail;
                }

                err = set_page_extent_mapped(pages[i]);
                if (err < 0) {
                        faili = i;
                        goto fail;
                }

                if (i == 0)
                        err = prepare_uptodate_page(inode, pages[i], pos,
                                                    force_uptodate);
                if (!err && i == num_pages - 1)
                        err = prepare_uptodate_page(inode, pages[i],
                                                    pos + write_bytes, false);
                if (err) {
                        put_page(pages[i]);
                        if (err == -EAGAIN) {
                                err = 0;
                                goto again;
                        }
                        faili = i - 1;
                        goto fail;
                }
                wait_on_page_writeback(pages[i]);
        }

        return 0;
fail:
        while (faili >= 0) {
                unlock_page(pages[faili]);
                put_page(pages[faili]);
                faili--;
        }
        return err;

}

/*
 * This function locks the extent and properly waits for data=ordered extents
 * to finish before allowing the pages to be modified if need.
 *
 * The return value:
 * 1 - the extent is locked
 * 0 - the extent is not locked, and everything is OK
 * -EAGAIN - need re-prepare the pages
 * the other < 0 number - Something wrong happens
 */
static noinline int
lock_and_cleanup_extent_if_need(struct btrfs_inode *inode, struct page **pages,
                                size_t num_pages, loff_t pos,
                                size_t write_bytes,
                                u64 *lockstart, u64 *lockend,
                                struct extent_state **cached_state)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = inode->root->fs_info;
        u64 start_pos;
        u64 last_pos;
        int i;
        int ret = 0;

        start_pos = round_down(pos, fs_info->sectorsize);
        last_pos = round_up(pos + write_bytes, fs_info->sectorsize) - 1;

        if (start_pos < inode->vfs_inode.i_size) {
                struct btrfs_ordered_extent *ordered;

                lock_extent_bits(&inode->io_tree, start_pos, last_pos,
                                cached_state);
                ordered = btrfs_lookup_ordered_range(inode, start_pos,
                                                     last_pos - start_pos + 1);
                if (ordered &&
                    ordered->file_offset + ordered->num_bytes > start_pos &&
                    ordered->file_offset <= last_pos) {
                        unlock_extent_cached(&inode->io_tree, start_pos,
                                        last_pos, cached_state);
                        for (i = 0; i < num_pages; i++) {
                                unlock_page(pages[i]);
                                put_page(pages[i]);
                        }
                        btrfs_start_ordered_extent(ordered, 1);
                        btrfs_put_ordered_extent(ordered);
                        return -EAGAIN;
                }
                if (ordered)
                        btrfs_put_ordered_extent(ordered);

                *lockstart = start_pos;
                *lockend = last_pos;
                ret = 1;
        }

        /*
         * We should be called after prepare_pages() which should have locked
         * all pages in the range.
         */
        for (i = 0; i < num_pages; i++)
                WARN_ON(!PageLocked(pages[i]));

        return ret;
}

static int check_can_nocow(struct btrfs_inode *inode, loff_t pos,
                           size_t *write_bytes, bool nowait)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = inode->root->fs_info;
        struct btrfs_root *root = inode->root;
        u64 lockstart, lockend;
        u64 num_bytes;
        int ret;

        if (!(inode->flags & (BTRFS_INODE_NODATACOW | BTRFS_INODE_PREALLOC)))
                return 0;

        if (!nowait && !btrfs_drew_try_write_lock(&root->snapshot_lock))
                return -EAGAIN;

        lockstart = round_down(pos, fs_info->sectorsize);
        lockend = round_up(pos + *write_bytes,
                           fs_info->sectorsize) - 1;
        num_bytes = lockend - lockstart + 1;

        if (nowait) {
                struct btrfs_ordered_extent *ordered;

                if (!try_lock_extent(&inode->io_tree, lockstart, lockend))
                        return -EAGAIN;

                ordered = btrfs_lookup_ordered_range(inode, lockstart,
                                                     num_bytes);
                if (ordered) {
                        btrfs_put_ordered_extent(ordered);
                        ret = -EAGAIN;
                        goto out_unlock;
                }
        } else {
                btrfs_lock_and_flush_ordered_range(inode, lockstart,
                                                   lockend, NULL);
        }

        ret = can_nocow_extent(&inode->vfs_inode, lockstart, &num_bytes,
                        NULL, NULL, NULL, false);
        if (ret <= 0) {
                ret = 0;
                if (!nowait)
                        btrfs_drew_write_unlock(&root->snapshot_lock);
        } else {
                *write_bytes = min_t(size_t, *write_bytes ,
                                     num_bytes - pos + lockstart);
        }
out_unlock:
        unlock_extent(&inode->io_tree, lockstart, lockend);

        return ret;
}

static int check_nocow_nolock(struct btrfs_inode *inode, loff_t pos,
                              size_t *write_bytes)
{
        return check_can_nocow(inode, pos, write_bytes, true);
}

/*
 * Check if we can do nocow write into the range [@pos, @pos + @write_bytes)
 *
 * @pos:         File offset
 * @write_bytes: The length to write, will be updated to the nocow writeable
 *               range
 *
 * This function will flush ordered extents in the range to ensure proper
 * nocow checks.
 *
 * Return:
 * >0           and update @write_bytes if we can do nocow write
 *  0           if we can't do nocow write
 * -EAGAIN      if we can't get the needed lock or there are ordered extents
 *              for * (nowait == true) case
 * <0           if other error happened
 *
 * NOTE: Callers need to release the lock by btrfs_check_nocow_unlock().
 */
int btrfs_check_nocow_lock(struct btrfs_inode *inode, loff_t pos,
                           size_t *write_bytes)
{
        return check_can_nocow(inode, pos, write_bytes, false);
}

void btrfs_check_nocow_unlock(struct btrfs_inode *inode)
{
        btrfs_drew_write_unlock(&inode->root->snapshot_lock);
}

static void update_time_for_write(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct timespec64 now;

        if (IS_NOCMTIME(inode))
                return;

        now = current_time(inode);
        if (!timespec64_equal(&inode->i_mtime, &now))
                inode->i_mtime = now;

        if (!timespec64_equal(&inode->i_ctime, &now))
                inode->i_ctime = now;

        if (IS_I_VERSION(inode))
                inode_inc_iversion(inode);
}

static int btrfs_write_check(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from,
                             size_t count)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = btrfs_sb(inode->i_sb);
        loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        int ret;
        loff_t oldsize;
        loff_t start_pos;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT) {
                size_t nocow_bytes = count;

                /* We will allocate space in case nodatacow is not set, so bail */
                if (check_nocow_nolock(BTRFS_I(inode), pos, &nocow_bytes) <= 0)
                        return -EAGAIN;
                /*
                 * There are holes in the range or parts of the range that must
                 * be COWed (shared extents, RO block groups, etc), so just bail
                 * out.
                 */
                if (nocow_bytes < count)
                        return -EAGAIN;
        }

        current->backing_dev_info = inode_to_bdi(inode);
        ret = file_remove_privs(file);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        /*
         * We reserve space for updating the inode when we reserve space for the
         * extent we are going to write, so we will enospc out there.  We don't
         * need to start yet another transaction to update the inode as we will
         * update the inode when we finish writing whatever data we write.
         */
        update_time_for_write(inode);

        start_pos = round_down(pos, fs_info->sectorsize);
        oldsize = i_size_read(inode);
        if (start_pos > oldsize) {
                /* Expand hole size to cover write data, preventing empty gap */
                loff_t end_pos = round_up(pos + count, fs_info->sectorsize);

                ret = btrfs_cont_expand(BTRFS_I(inode), oldsize, end_pos);
                if (ret) {
                        current->backing_dev_info = NULL;
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

static noinline ssize_t btrfs_buffered_write(struct kiocb *iocb,
                                               struct iov_iter *i)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        loff_t pos;
        struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = btrfs_sb(inode->i_sb);
        struct page **pages = NULL;
        struct extent_changeset *data_reserved = NULL;
        u64 release_bytes = 0;
        u64 lockstart;
        u64 lockend;
        size_t num_written = 0;
        int nrptrs;
        ssize_t ret;
        bool only_release_metadata = false;
        bool force_page_uptodate = false;
        loff_t old_isize = i_size_read(inode);
        unsigned int ilock_flags = 0;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT)
                ilock_flags |= BTRFS_ILOCK_TRY;

        ret = btrfs_inode_lock(inode, ilock_flags);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;

        ret = generic_write_checks(iocb, i);
        if (ret <= 0)
                goto out;

        ret = btrfs_write_check(iocb, i, ret);
        if (ret < 0)
                goto out;

        pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        nrptrs = min(DIV_ROUND_UP(iov_iter_count(i), PAGE_SIZE),
                        PAGE_SIZE / (sizeof(struct page *)));
        nrptrs = min(nrptrs, current->nr_dirtied_pause - current->nr_dirtied);
        nrptrs = max(nrptrs, 8);
        pages = kmalloc_array(nrptrs, sizeof(struct page *), GFP_KERNEL);
        if (!pages) {
                ret = -ENOMEM;
                goto out;
        }

        while (iov_iter_count(i) > 0) {
                struct extent_state *cached_state = NULL;
                size_t offset = offset_in_page(pos);
                size_t sector_offset;
                size_t write_bytes = min(iov_iter_count(i),
                                         nrptrs * (size_t)PAGE_SIZE -
                                         offset);
                size_t num_pages;
                size_t reserve_bytes;
                size_t dirty_pages;
                size_t copied;
                size_t dirty_sectors;
                size_t num_sectors;
                int extents_locked;

                /*
                 * Fault pages before locking them in prepare_pages
                 * to avoid recursive lock
                 */
                if (unlikely(fault_in_iov_iter_readable(i, write_bytes))) {
                        ret = -EFAULT;
                        break;
                }

                only_release_metadata = false;
                sector_offset = pos & (fs_info->sectorsize - 1);

                extent_changeset_release(data_reserved);
                ret = btrfs_check_data_free_space(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                                  &data_reserved, pos,
                                                  write_bytes);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        /*
                         * If we don't have to COW at the offset, reserve
                         * metadata only. write_bytes may get smaller than
                         * requested here.
                         */
                        if (btrfs_check_nocow_lock(BTRFS_I(inode), pos,
                                                   &write_bytes) > 0)
                                only_release_metadata = true;
                        else
                                break;
                }

                num_pages = DIV_ROUND_UP(write_bytes + offset, PAGE_SIZE);
                WARN_ON(num_pages > nrptrs);
                reserve_bytes = round_up(write_bytes + sector_offset,
                                         fs_info->sectorsize);
                WARN_ON(reserve_bytes == 0);
                ret = btrfs_delalloc_reserve_metadata(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                reserve_bytes);
                if (ret) {
                        if (!only_release_metadata)
                                btrfs_free_reserved_data_space(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                                data_reserved, pos,
                                                write_bytes);
                        else
                                btrfs_check_nocow_unlock(BTRFS_I(inode));
                        break;
                }

                release_bytes = reserve_bytes;
again:
                /*
                 * This is going to setup the pages array with the number of
                 * pages we want, so we don't really need to worry about the
                 * contents of pages from loop to loop
                 */
                ret = prepare_pages(inode, pages, num_pages,
                                    pos, write_bytes,
                                    force_page_uptodate);
                if (ret) {
                        btrfs_delalloc_release_extents(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                                       reserve_bytes);
                        break;
                }

                extents_locked = lock_and_cleanup_extent_if_need(
                                BTRFS_I(inode), pages,
                                num_pages, pos, write_bytes, &lockstart,
                                &lockend, &cached_state);
                if (extents_locked < 0) {
                        if (extents_locked == -EAGAIN)
                                goto again;
                        btrfs_delalloc_release_extents(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                                       reserve_bytes);
                        ret = extents_locked;
                        break;
                }

                copied = btrfs_copy_from_user(pos, write_bytes, pages, i);

                num_sectors = BTRFS_BYTES_TO_BLKS(fs_info, reserve_bytes);
                dirty_sectors = round_up(copied + sector_offset,
                                        fs_info->sectorsize);
                dirty_sectors = BTRFS_BYTES_TO_BLKS(fs_info, dirty_sectors);

                /*
                 * if we have trouble faulting in the pages, fall
                 * back to one page at a time
                 */
                if (copied < write_bytes)
                        nrptrs = 1;

                if (copied == 0) {
                        force_page_uptodate = true;
                        dirty_sectors = 0;
                        dirty_pages = 0;
                } else {
                        force_page_uptodate = false;
                        dirty_pages = DIV_ROUND_UP(copied + offset,
                                                   PAGE_SIZE);
                }

                if (num_sectors > dirty_sectors) {
                        /* release everything except the sectors we dirtied */
                        release_bytes -= dirty_sectors << fs_info->sectorsize_bits;
                        if (only_release_metadata) {
                                btrfs_delalloc_release_metadata(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                                        release_bytes, true);
                        } else {
                                u64 __pos;

                                __pos = round_down(pos,
                                                   fs_info->sectorsize) +
                                        (dirty_pages << PAGE_SHIFT);
                                btrfs_delalloc_release_space(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                                data_reserved, __pos,
                                                release_bytes, true);
                        }
                }

                release_bytes = round_up(copied + sector_offset,
                                        fs_info->sectorsize);

                ret = btrfs_dirty_pages(BTRFS_I(inode), pages,
                                        dirty_pages, pos, copied,
                                        &cached_state, only_release_metadata);

                /*
                 * If we have not locked the extent range, because the range's
                 * start offset is >= i_size, we might still have a non-NULL
                 * cached extent state, acquired while marking the extent range
                 * as delalloc through btrfs_dirty_pages(). Therefore free any
                 * possible cached extent state to avoid a memory leak.
                 */
                if (extents_locked)
                        unlock_extent_cached(&BTRFS_I(inode)->io_tree,
                                             lockstart, lockend, &cached_state);
                else
                        free_extent_state(cached_state);

                btrfs_delalloc_release_extents(BTRFS_I(inode), reserve_bytes);
                if (ret) {
                        btrfs_drop_pages(fs_info, pages, num_pages, pos, copied);
                        break;
                }

                release_bytes = 0;
                if (only_release_metadata)
                        btrfs_check_nocow_unlock(BTRFS_I(inode));

                btrfs_drop_pages(fs_info, pages, num_pages, pos, copied);

                cond_resched();

                balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(inode->i_mapping);

                pos += copied;
                num_written += copied;
        }

        kfree(pages);

        if (release_bytes) {
                if (only_release_metadata) {
                        btrfs_check_nocow_unlock(BTRFS_I(inode));
                        btrfs_delalloc_release_metadata(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                        release_bytes, true);
                } else {
                        btrfs_delalloc_release_space(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                        data_reserved,
                                        round_down(pos, fs_info->sectorsize),
                                        release_bytes, true);
                }
        }

        extent_changeset_free(data_reserved);
        if (num_written > 0) {
                pagecache_isize_extended(inode, old_isize, iocb->ki_pos);
                iocb->ki_pos += num_written;
        }
out:
        btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, ilock_flags);
        return num_written ? num_written : ret;
}

static ssize_t check_direct_IO(struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info,
                               const struct iov_iter *iter, loff_t offset)
{
        const u32 blocksize_mask = fs_info->sectorsize - 1;

        if (offset & blocksize_mask)
                return -EINVAL;

        if (iov_iter_alignment(iter) & blocksize_mask)
                return -EINVAL;

        return 0;
}

static ssize_t btrfs_direct_write(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from)
{
        const bool is_sync_write = (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DSYNC);
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = btrfs_sb(inode->i_sb);
        loff_t pos;
        ssize_t written = 0;
        ssize_t written_buffered;
        size_t prev_left = 0;
        loff_t endbyte;
        ssize_t err;
        unsigned int ilock_flags = 0;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT)
                ilock_flags |= BTRFS_ILOCK_TRY;

        /* If the write DIO is within EOF, use a shared lock */
        if (iocb->ki_pos + iov_iter_count(from) <= i_size_read(inode))
                ilock_flags |= BTRFS_ILOCK_SHARED;

relock:
        err = btrfs_inode_lock(inode, ilock_flags);
        if (err < 0)
                return err;

        err = generic_write_checks(iocb, from);
        if (err <= 0) {
                btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, ilock_flags);
                return err;
        }

        err = btrfs_write_check(iocb, from, err);
        if (err < 0) {
                btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, ilock_flags);
                goto out;
        }

        pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        /*
         * Re-check since file size may have changed just before taking the
         * lock or pos may have changed because of O_APPEND in generic_write_check()
         */
        if ((ilock_flags & BTRFS_ILOCK_SHARED) &&
            pos + iov_iter_count(from) > i_size_read(inode)) {
                btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, ilock_flags);
                ilock_flags &= ~BTRFS_ILOCK_SHARED;
                goto relock;
        }

        if (check_direct_IO(fs_info, from, pos)) {
                btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, ilock_flags);
                goto buffered;
        }

        /*
         * We remove IOCB_DSYNC so that we don't deadlock when iomap_dio_rw()
         * calls generic_write_sync() (through iomap_dio_complete()), because
         * that results in calling fsync (btrfs_sync_file()) which will try to
         * lock the inode in exclusive/write mode.
         */
        if (is_sync_write)
                iocb->ki_flags &= ~IOCB_DSYNC;

        /*
         * The iov_iter can be mapped to the same file range we are writing to.
         * If that's the case, then we will deadlock in the iomap code, because
         * it first calls our callback btrfs_dio_iomap_begin(), which will create
         * an ordered extent, and after that it will fault in the pages that the
         * iov_iter refers to. During the fault in we end up in the readahead
         * pages code (starting at btrfs_readahead()), which will lock the range,
         * find that ordered extent and then wait for it to complete (at
         * btrfs_lock_and_flush_ordered_range()), resulting in a deadlock since
         * obviously the ordered extent can never complete as we didn't submit
         * yet the respective bio(s). This always happens when the buffer is
         * memory mapped to the same file range, since the iomap DIO code always
         * invalidates pages in the target file range (after starting and waiting
         * for any writeback).
         *
         * So here we disable page faults in the iov_iter and then retry if we
         * got -EFAULT, faulting in the pages before the retry.
         */
again:
        from->nofault = true;
        err = iomap_dio_rw(iocb, from, &btrfs_dio_iomap_ops, &btrfs_dio_ops,
                           IOMAP_DIO_PARTIAL, written);
        from->nofault = false;

        /* No increment (+=) because iomap returns a cumulative value. */
        if (err > 0)
                written = err;

        if (iov_iter_count(from) > 0 && (err == -EFAULT || err > 0)) {
                const size_t left = iov_iter_count(from);
                /*
                 * We have more data left to write. Try to fault in as many as
                 * possible of the remainder pages and retry. We do this without
                 * releasing and locking again the inode, to prevent races with
                 * truncate.
                 *
                 * Also, in case the iov refers to pages in the file range of the
                 * file we want to write to (due to a mmap), we could enter an
                 * infinite loop if we retry after faulting the pages in, since
                 * iomap will invalidate any pages in the range early on, before
                 * it tries to fault in the pages of the iov. So we keep track of
                 * how much was left of iov in the previous EFAULT and fallback
                 * to buffered IO in case we haven't made any progress.
                 */
                if (left == prev_left) {
                        err = -ENOTBLK;
                } else {
                        fault_in_iov_iter_readable(from, left);
                        prev_left = left;
                        goto again;
                }

        }

        btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, ilock_flags);

        /*
         * Add back IOCB_DSYNC. Our caller, btrfs_file_write_iter(), will do
         * the fsync (call generic_write_sync()).
         */
        if (is_sync_write)
                iocb->ki_flags |= IOCB_DSYNC;

        /* If 'err' is -ENOTBLK then it means we must fallback to buffered IO. */
        if ((err < 0 && err != -ENOTBLK) || !iov_iter_count(from))
                goto out;

buffered:
        pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        written_buffered = btrfs_buffered_write(iocb, from);
        if (written_buffered < 0) {
                err = written_buffered;
                goto out;
        }
        /*
         * Ensure all data is persisted. We want the next direct IO read to be
         * able to read what was just written.
         */
        endbyte = pos + written_buffered - 1;
        err = btrfs_fdatawrite_range(inode, pos, endbyte);
        if (err)
                goto out;
        err = filemap_fdatawait_range(inode->i_mapping, pos, endbyte);
        if (err)
                goto out;
        written += written_buffered;
        iocb->ki_pos = pos + written_buffered;
        invalidate_mapping_pages(file->f_mapping, pos >> PAGE_SHIFT,
                                 endbyte >> PAGE_SHIFT);
out:
        return err < 0 ? err : written;
}

static ssize_t btrfs_file_write_iter(struct kiocb *iocb,
                                    struct iov_iter *from)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct btrfs_inode *inode = BTRFS_I(file_inode(file));
        ssize_t num_written = 0;
        const bool sync = iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DSYNC;

        /*
         * If the fs flips readonly due to some impossible error, although we
         * have opened a file as writable, we have to stop this write operation
         * to ensure consistency.
         */
        if (BTRFS_FS_ERROR(inode->root->fs_info))
                return -EROFS;

        if (!(iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DIRECT) &&
            (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        if (sync)
                atomic_inc(&inode->sync_writers);

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DIRECT)
                num_written = btrfs_direct_write(iocb, from);
        else
                num_written = btrfs_buffered_write(iocb, from);

        btrfs_set_inode_last_sub_trans(inode);

        if (num_written > 0)
                num_written = generic_write_sync(iocb, num_written);

        if (sync)
                atomic_dec(&inode->sync_writers);

        current->backing_dev_info = NULL;
        return num_written;
}

int btrfs_release_file(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
        struct btrfs_file_private *private = filp->private_data;

        if (private && private->filldir_buf)
                kfree(private->filldir_buf);
        kfree(private);
        filp->private_data = NULL;

        /*
         * Set by setattr when we are about to truncate a file from a non-zero
         * size to a zero size.  This tries to flush down new bytes that may
         * have been written if the application were using truncate to replace
         * a file in place.
         */
        if (test_and_clear_bit(BTRFS_INODE_FLUSH_ON_CLOSE,
                               &BTRFS_I(inode)->runtime_flags))
                        filemap_flush(inode->i_mapping);
        return 0;
}

static int start_ordered_ops(struct inode *inode, loff_t start, loff_t end)
{
        int ret;
        struct blk_plug plug;

        /*
         * This is only called in fsync, which would do synchronous writes, so
         * a plug can merge adjacent IOs as much as possible.  Esp. in case of
         * multiple disks using raid profile, a large IO can be split to
         * several segments of stripe length (currently 64K).
         */
        blk_start_plug(&plug);
        atomic_inc(&BTRFS_I(inode)->sync_writers);
        ret = btrfs_fdatawrite_range(inode, start, end);
        atomic_dec(&BTRFS_I(inode)->sync_writers);
        blk_finish_plug(&plug);

        return ret;
}

static inline bool skip_inode_logging(const struct btrfs_log_ctx *ctx)
{
        struct btrfs_inode *inode = BTRFS_I(ctx->inode);
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = inode->root->fs_info;

        if (btrfs_inode_in_log(inode, fs_info->generation) &&
            list_empty(&ctx->ordered_extents))
                return true;

        /*
         * If we are doing a fast fsync we can not bail out if the inode's
         * last_trans is <= then the last committed transaction, because we only
         * update the last_trans of the inode during ordered extent completion,
         * and for a fast fsync we don't wait for that, we only wait for the
         * writeback to complete.
         */
        if (inode->last_trans <= fs_info->last_trans_committed &&
            (test_bit(BTRFS_INODE_NEEDS_FULL_SYNC, &inode->runtime_flags) ||
             list_empty(&ctx->ordered_extents)))
                return true;

        return false;
}

/*
 * fsync call for both files and directories.  This logs the inode into
 * the tree log instead of forcing full commits whenever possible.
 *
 * It needs to call filemap_fdatawait so that all ordered extent updates are
 * in the metadata btree are up to date for copying to the log.
 *
 * It drops the inode mutex before doing the tree log commit.  This is an
 * important optimization for directories because holding the mutex prevents
 * new operations on the dir while we write to disk.
 */
int btrfs_sync_file(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end, int datasync)
{
        struct dentry *dentry = file_dentry(file);
        struct inode *inode = d_inode(dentry);
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = btrfs_sb(inode->i_sb);
        struct btrfs_root *root = BTRFS_I(inode)->root;
        struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans;
        struct btrfs_log_ctx ctx;
        int ret = 0, err;
        u64 len;
        bool full_sync;

        trace_btrfs_sync_file(file, datasync);

        btrfs_init_log_ctx(&ctx, inode);

        /*
         * Always set the range to a full range, otherwise we can get into
         * several problems, from missing file extent items to represent holes
         * when not using the NO_HOLES feature, to log tree corruption due to
         * races between hole detection during logging and completion of ordered
         * extents outside the range, to missing checksums due to ordered extents
         * for which we flushed only a subset of their pages.
         */
        start = 0;
        end = LLONG_MAX;
        len = (u64)LLONG_MAX + 1;

        /*
         * We write the dirty pages in the range and wait until they complete
         * out of the ->i_mutex. If so, we can flush the dirty pages by
         * multi-task, and make the performance up.  See
         * btrfs_wait_ordered_range for an explanation of the ASYNC check.
         */
        ret = start_ordered_ops(inode, start, end);
        if (ret)
                goto out;

        btrfs_inode_lock(inode, BTRFS_ILOCK_MMAP);

        atomic_inc(&root->log_batch);

        /*
         * Always check for the full sync flag while holding the inode's lock,
         * to avoid races with other tasks. The flag must be either set all the
         * time during logging or always off all the time while logging.
         */
        full_sync = test_bit(BTRFS_INODE_NEEDS_FULL_SYNC,
                             &BTRFS_I(inode)->runtime_flags);

        /*
         * Before we acquired the inode's lock and the mmap lock, someone may
         * have dirtied more pages in the target range. We need to make sure
         * that writeback for any such pages does not start while we are logging
         * the inode, because if it does, any of the following might happen when
         * we are not doing a full inode sync:
         *
         * 1) We log an extent after its writeback finishes but before its
         *    checksums are added to the csum tree, leading to -EIO errors
         *    when attempting to read the extent after a log replay.
         *
         * 2) We can end up logging an extent before its writeback finishes.
         *    Therefore after the log replay we will have a file extent item
         *    pointing to an unwritten extent (and no data checksums as well).
         *
         * So trigger writeback for any eventual new dirty pages and then we
         * wait for all ordered extents to complete below.
         */
        ret = start_ordered_ops(inode, start, end);
        if (ret) {
                btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, BTRFS_ILOCK_MMAP);
                goto out;
        }

        /*
         * We have to do this here to avoid the priority inversion of waiting on
         * IO of a lower priority task while holding a transaction open.
         *
         * For a full fsync we wait for the ordered extents to complete while
         * for a fast fsync we wait just for writeback to complete, and then
         * attach the ordered extents to the transaction so that a transaction
         * commit waits for their completion, to avoid data loss if we fsync,
         * the current transaction commits before the ordered extents complete
         * and a power failure happens right after that.
         *
         * For zoned filesystem, if a write IO uses a ZONE_APPEND command, the
         * logical address recorded in the ordered extent may change. We need
         * to wait for the IO to stabilize the logical address.
         */
        if (full_sync || btrfs_is_zoned(fs_info)) {
                ret = btrfs_wait_ordered_range(inode, start, len);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Get our ordered extents as soon as possible to avoid doing
                 * checksum lookups in the csum tree, and use instead the
                 * checksums attached to the ordered extents.
                 */
                btrfs_get_ordered_extents_for_logging(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                                      &ctx.ordered_extents);
                ret = filemap_fdatawait_range(inode->i_mapping, start, end);
        }

        if (ret)
                goto out_release_extents;

        atomic_inc(&root->log_batch);

        smp_mb();
        if (skip_inode_logging(&ctx)) {
                /*
                 * We've had everything committed since the last time we were
                 * modified so clear this flag in case it was set for whatever
                 * reason, it's no longer relevant.
                 */
                clear_bit(BTRFS_INODE_NEEDS_FULL_SYNC,
                          &BTRFS_I(inode)->runtime_flags);
                /*
                 * An ordered extent might have started before and completed
                 * already with io errors, in which case the inode was not
                 * updated and we end up here. So check the inode's mapping
                 * for any errors that might have happened since we last
                 * checked called fsync.
                 */
                ret = filemap_check_wb_err(inode->i_mapping, file->f_wb_err);
                goto out_release_extents;
        }

        /*
         * We use start here because we will need to wait on the IO to complete
         * in btrfs_sync_log, which could require joining a transaction (for
         * example checking cross references in the nocow path).  If we use join
         * here we could get into a situation where we're waiting on IO to
         * happen that is blocked on a transaction trying to commit.  With start
         * we inc the extwriter counter, so we wait for all extwriters to exit
         * before we start blocking joiners.  This comment is to keep somebody
         * from thinking they are super smart and changing this to
         * btrfs_join_transaction *cough*Josef*cough*.
         */
        trans = btrfs_start_transaction(root, 0);
        if (IS_ERR(trans)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(trans);
                goto out_release_extents;
        }
        trans->in_fsync = true;

        ret = btrfs_log_dentry_safe(trans, dentry, &ctx);
        btrfs_release_log_ctx_extents(&ctx);
        if (ret < 0) {
                /* Fallthrough and commit/free transaction. */
                ret = 1;
        }

        /* we've logged all the items and now have a consistent
         * version of the file in the log.  It is possible that
         * someone will come in and modify the file, but that's
         * fine because the log is consistent on disk, and we
         * have references to all of the file's extents
         *
         * It is possible that someone will come in and log the
         * file again, but that will end up using the synchronization
         * inside btrfs_sync_log to keep things safe.
         */
        btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, BTRFS_ILOCK_MMAP);

        if (ret != BTRFS_NO_LOG_SYNC) {
                if (!ret) {
                        ret = btrfs_sync_log(trans, root, &ctx);
                        if (!ret) {
                                ret = btrfs_end_transaction(trans);
                                goto out;
                        }
                }
                if (!full_sync) {
                        ret = btrfs_wait_ordered_range(inode, start, len);
                        if (ret) {
                                btrfs_end_transaction(trans);
                                goto out;
                        }
                }
                ret = btrfs_commit_transaction(trans);
        } else {
                ret = btrfs_end_transaction(trans);
        }
out:
        ASSERT(list_empty(&ctx.list));
        err = file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
        if (!ret)
                ret = err;
        return ret > 0 ? -EIO : ret;

out_release_extents:
        btrfs_release_log_ctx_extents(&ctx);
        btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, BTRFS_ILOCK_MMAP);
        goto out;
}

static const struct vm_operations_struct btrfs_file_vm_ops = {
        .fault          = filemap_fault,
        .map_pages      = filemap_map_pages,
        .page_mkwrite   = btrfs_page_mkwrite,
};

static int btrfs_file_mmap(struct file  *filp, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = filp->f_mapping;

        if (!mapping->a_ops->readpage)
                return -ENOEXEC;

        file_accessed(filp);
        vma->vm_ops = &btrfs_file_vm_ops;

        return 0;
}

static int hole_mergeable(struct btrfs_inode *inode, struct extent_buffer *leaf,
                          int slot, u64 start, u64 end)
{
        struct btrfs_file_extent_item *fi;
        struct btrfs_key key;

        if (slot < 0 || slot >= btrfs_header_nritems(leaf))
                return 0;

        btrfs_item_key_to_cpu(leaf, &key, slot);
        if (key.objectid != btrfs_ino(inode) ||
            key.type != BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY)
                return 0;

        fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, slot, struct btrfs_file_extent_item);

        if (btrfs_file_extent_type(leaf, fi) != BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_REG)
                return 0;

        if (btrfs_file_extent_disk_bytenr(leaf, fi))
                return 0;

        if (key.offset == end)
                return 1;
        if (key.offset + btrfs_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi) == start)
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

static int fill_holes(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
                struct btrfs_inode *inode,
                struct btrfs_path *path, u64 offset, u64 end)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = trans->fs_info;
        struct btrfs_root *root = inode->root;
        struct extent_buffer *leaf;
        struct btrfs_file_extent_item *fi;
        struct extent_map *hole_em;
        struct extent_map_tree *em_tree = &inode->extent_tree;
        struct btrfs_key key;
        int ret;

        if (btrfs_fs_incompat(fs_info, NO_HOLES))
                goto out;

        key.objectid = btrfs_ino(inode);
        key.type = BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY;
        key.offset = offset;

        ret = btrfs_search_slot(trans, root, &key, path, 0, 1);
        if (ret <= 0) {
                /*
                 * We should have dropped this offset, so if we find it then
                 * something has gone horribly wrong.
                 */
                if (ret == 0)
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                return ret;
        }

        leaf = path->nodes[0];
        if (hole_mergeable(inode, leaf, path->slots[0] - 1, offset, end)) {
                u64 num_bytes;

                path->slots[0]--;
                fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                                    struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                num_bytes = btrfs_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi) +
                        end - offset;
                btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi, num_bytes);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_ram_bytes(leaf, fi, num_bytes);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi, 0);
                btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
                goto out;
        }

        if (hole_mergeable(inode, leaf, path->slots[0], offset, end)) {
                u64 num_bytes;

                key.offset = offset;
                btrfs_set_item_key_safe(fs_info, path, &key);
                fi = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, path->slots[0],
                                    struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
                num_bytes = btrfs_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi) + end -
                        offset;
                btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, fi, num_bytes);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_ram_bytes(leaf, fi, num_bytes);
                btrfs_set_file_extent_offset(leaf, fi, 0);
                btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
                goto out;
        }
        btrfs_release_path(path);

        ret = btrfs_insert_file_extent(trans, root, btrfs_ino(inode),
                        offset, 0, 0, end - offset, 0, end - offset, 0, 0, 0);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

out:
        btrfs_release_path(path);

        hole_em = alloc_extent_map();
        if (!hole_em) {
                btrfs_drop_extent_cache(inode, offset, end - 1, 0);
                set_bit(BTRFS_INODE_NEEDS_FULL_SYNC, &inode->runtime_flags);
        } else {
                hole_em->start = offset;
                hole_em->len = end - offset;
                hole_em->ram_bytes = hole_em->len;
                hole_em->orig_start = offset;

                hole_em->block_start = EXTENT_MAP_HOLE;
                hole_em->block_len = 0;
                hole_em->orig_block_len = 0;
                hole_em->compress_type = BTRFS_COMPRESS_NONE;
                hole_em->generation = trans->transid;

                do {
                        btrfs_drop_extent_cache(inode, offset, end - 1, 0);
                        write_lock(&em_tree->lock);
                        ret = add_extent_mapping(em_tree, hole_em, 1);
                        write_unlock(&em_tree->lock);
                } while (ret == -EEXIST);
                free_extent_map(hole_em);
                if (ret)
                        set_bit(BTRFS_INODE_NEEDS_FULL_SYNC,
                                        &inode->runtime_flags);
        }

        return 0;
}

/*
 * Find a hole extent on given inode and change start/len to the end of hole
 * extent.(hole/vacuum extent whose em->start <= start &&
 *         em->start + em->len > start)
 * When a hole extent is found, return 1 and modify start/len.
 */
static int find_first_non_hole(struct btrfs_inode *inode, u64 *start, u64 *len)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = inode->root->fs_info;
        struct extent_map *em;
        int ret = 0;

        em = btrfs_get_extent(inode, NULL, 0,
                              round_down(*start, fs_info->sectorsize),
                              round_up(*len, fs_info->sectorsize));
        if (IS_ERR(em))
                return PTR_ERR(em);

        /* Hole or vacuum extent(only exists in no-hole mode) */
        if (em->block_start == EXTENT_MAP_HOLE) {
                ret = 1;
                *len = em->start + em->len > *start + *len ?
                       0 : *start + *len - em->start - em->len;
                *start = em->start + em->len;
        }
        free_extent_map(em);
        return ret;
}

static int btrfs_punch_hole_lock_range(struct inode *inode,
                                       const u64 lockstart,
                                       const u64 lockend,
                                       struct extent_state **cached_state)
{
        /*
         * For subpage case, if the range is not at page boundary, we could
         * have pages at the leading/tailing part of the range.
         * This could lead to dead loop since filemap_range_has_page()
         * will always return true.
         * So here we need to do extra page alignment for
         * filemap_range_has_page().
         */
        const u64 page_lockstart = round_up(lockstart, PAGE_SIZE);
        const u64 page_lockend = round_down(lockend + 1, PAGE_SIZE) - 1;

        while (1) {
                struct btrfs_ordered_extent *ordered;
                int ret;

                truncate_pagecache_range(inode, lockstart, lockend);

                lock_extent_bits(&BTRFS_I(inode)->io_tree, lockstart, lockend,
                                 cached_state);
                ordered = btrfs_lookup_first_ordered_extent(BTRFS_I(inode),
                                                            lockend);

                /*
                 * We need to make sure we have no ordered extents in this range
                 * and nobody raced in and read a page in this range, if we did
                 * we need to try again.
                 */
                if ((!ordered ||
                    (ordered->file_offset + ordered->num_bytes <= lockstart ||
                     ordered->file_offset > lockend)) &&
                     !filemap_range_has_page(inode->i_mapping,
                                             page_lockstart, page_lockend)) {
                        if (ordered)
                                btrfs_put_ordered_extent(ordered);
                        break;
                }
                if (ordered)
                        btrfs_put_ordered_extent(ordered);
                unlock_extent_cached(&BTRFS_I(inode)->io_tree, lockstart,
                                     lockend, cached_state);
                ret = btrfs_wait_ordered_range(inode, lockstart,
                                               lockend - lockstart + 1);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }
        return 0;
}

static int btrfs_insert_replace_extent(struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans,
                                     struct btrfs_inode *inode,
                                     struct btrfs_path *path,
                                     struct btrfs_replace_extent_info *extent_info,
                                     const u64 replace_len,
                                     const u64 bytes_to_drop)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = trans->fs_info;
        struct btrfs_root *root = inode->root;
        struct btrfs_file_extent_item *extent;
        struct extent_buffer *leaf;
        struct btrfs_key key;
        int slot;
        struct btrfs_ref ref = { 0 };
        int ret;

        if (replace_len == 0)
                return 0;

        if (extent_info->disk_offset == 0 &&
            btrfs_fs_incompat(fs_info, NO_HOLES)) {
                btrfs_update_inode_bytes(inode, 0, bytes_to_drop);
                return 0;
        }

        key.objectid = btrfs_ino(inode);
        key.type = BTRFS_EXTENT_DATA_KEY;
        key.offset = extent_info->file_offset;
        ret = btrfs_insert_empty_item(trans, root, path, &key,
                                      sizeof(struct btrfs_file_extent_item));
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        leaf = path->nodes[0];
        slot = path->slots[0];
        write_extent_buffer(leaf, extent_info->extent_buf,
                            btrfs_item_ptr_offset(leaf, slot),
                            sizeof(struct btrfs_file_extent_item));
        extent = btrfs_item_ptr(leaf, slot, struct btrfs_file_extent_item);
        ASSERT(btrfs_file_extent_type(leaf, extent) != BTRFS_FILE_EXTENT_INLINE);
        btrfs_set_file_extent_offset(leaf, extent, extent_info->data_offset);
        btrfs_set_file_extent_num_bytes(leaf, extent, replace_len);
        if (extent_info->is_new_extent)
                btrfs_set_file_extent_generation(leaf, extent, trans->transid);
        btrfs_mark_buffer_dirty(leaf);
        btrfs_release_path(path);

        ret = btrfs_inode_set_file_extent_range(inode, extent_info->file_offset,
                                                replace_len);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        /* If it's a hole, nothing more needs to be done. */
        if (extent_info->disk_offset == 0) {
                btrfs_update_inode_bytes(inode, 0, bytes_to_drop);
                return 0;
        }

        btrfs_update_inode_bytes(inode, replace_len, bytes_to_drop);

        if (extent_info->is_new_extent && extent_info->insertions == 0) {
                key.objectid = extent_info->disk_offset;
                key.type = BTRFS_EXTENT_ITEM_KEY;
                key.offset = extent_info->disk_len;
                ret = btrfs_alloc_reserved_file_extent(trans, root,
                                                       btrfs_ino(inode),
                                                       extent_info->file_offset,
                                                       extent_info->qgroup_reserved,
                                                       &key);
        } else {
                u64 ref_offset;

                btrfs_init_generic_ref(&ref, BTRFS_ADD_DELAYED_REF,
                                       extent_info->disk_offset,
                                       extent_info->disk_len, 0);
                ref_offset = extent_info->file_offset - extent_info->data_offset;
                btrfs_init_data_ref(&ref, root->root_key.objectid,
                                    btrfs_ino(inode), ref_offset, 0, false);
                ret = btrfs_inc_extent_ref(trans, &ref);
        }

        extent_info->insertions++;

        return ret;
}

/*
 * The respective range must have been previously locked, as well as the inode.
 * The end offset is inclusive (last byte of the range).
 * @extent_info is NULL for fallocate's hole punching and non-NULL when replacing
 * the file range with an extent.
 * When not punching a hole, we don't want to end up in a state where we dropped
 * extents without inserting a new one, so we must abort the transaction to avoid
 * a corruption.
 */
int btrfs_replace_file_extents(struct btrfs_inode *inode,
                               struct btrfs_path *path, const u64 start,
                               const u64 end,
                               struct btrfs_replace_extent_info *extent_info,
                               struct btrfs_trans_handle **trans_out)
{
        struct btrfs_drop_extents_args drop_args = { 0 };
        struct btrfs_root *root = inode->root;
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = root->fs_info;
        u64 min_size = btrfs_calc_insert_metadata_size(fs_info, 1);
        u64 ino_size = round_up(inode->vfs_inode.i_size, fs_info->sectorsize);
        struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans = NULL;
        struct btrfs_block_rsv *rsv;
        unsigned int rsv_count;
        u64 cur_offset;
        u64 len = end - start;
        int ret = 0;

        if (end <= start)
                return -EINVAL;

        rsv = btrfs_alloc_block_rsv(fs_info, BTRFS_BLOCK_RSV_TEMP);
        if (!rsv) {
                ret = -ENOMEM;
                goto out;
        }
        rsv->size = btrfs_calc_insert_metadata_size(fs_info, 1);
        rsv->failfast = 1;

        /*
         * 1 - update the inode
         * 1 - removing the extents in the range
         * 1 - adding the hole extent if no_holes isn't set or if we are
         *     replacing the range with a new extent
         */
        if (!btrfs_fs_incompat(fs_info, NO_HOLES) || extent_info)
                rsv_count = 3;
        else
                rsv_count = 2;

        trans = btrfs_start_transaction(root, rsv_count);
        if (IS_ERR(trans)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(trans);
                trans = NULL;
                goto out_free;
        }

        ret = btrfs_block_rsv_migrate(&fs_info->trans_block_rsv, rsv,
                                      min_size, false);
        BUG_ON(ret);
        trans->block_rsv = rsv;

        cur_offset = start;
        drop_args.path = path;
        drop_args.end = end + 1;
        drop_args.drop_cache = true;
        while (cur_offset < end) {
                drop_args.start = cur_offset;
                ret = btrfs_drop_extents(trans, root, inode, &drop_args);
                /* If we are punching a hole decrement the inode's byte count */
                if (!extent_info)
                        btrfs_update_inode_bytes(inode, 0,
                                                 drop_args.bytes_found);
                if (ret != -ENOSPC) {
                        /*
                         * The only time we don't want to abort is if we are
                         * attempting to clone a partial inline extent, in which
                         * case we'll get EOPNOTSUPP.  However if we aren't
                         * clone we need to abort no matter what, because if we
                         * got EOPNOTSUPP via prealloc then we messed up and
                         * need to abort.
                         */
                        if (ret &&
                            (ret != -EOPNOTSUPP ||
                             (extent_info && extent_info->is_new_extent)))
                                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        break;
                }

                trans->block_rsv = &fs_info->trans_block_rsv;

                if (!extent_info && cur_offset < drop_args.drop_end &&
                    cur_offset < ino_size) {
                        ret = fill_holes(trans, inode, path, cur_offset,
                                         drop_args.drop_end);
                        if (ret) {
                                /*
                                 * If we failed then we didn't insert our hole
                                 * entries for the area we dropped, so now the
                                 * fs is corrupted, so we must abort the
                                 * transaction.
                                 */
                                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                                break;
                        }
                } else if (!extent_info && cur_offset < drop_args.drop_end) {
                        /*
                         * We are past the i_size here, but since we didn't
                         * insert holes we need to clear the mapped area so we
                         * know to not set disk_i_size in this area until a new
                         * file extent is inserted here.
                         */
                        ret = btrfs_inode_clear_file_extent_range(inode,
                                        cur_offset,
                                        drop_args.drop_end - cur_offset);
                        if (ret) {
                                /*
                                 * We couldn't clear our area, so we could
                                 * presumably adjust up and corrupt the fs, so
                                 * we need to abort.
                                 */
                                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                                break;
                        }
                }

                if (extent_info &&
                    drop_args.drop_end > extent_info->file_offset) {
                        u64 replace_len = drop_args.drop_end -
                                          extent_info->file_offset;

                        ret = btrfs_insert_replace_extent(trans, inode, path,
                                        extent_info, replace_len,
                                        drop_args.bytes_found);
                        if (ret) {
                                btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                                break;
                        }
                        extent_info->data_len -= replace_len;
                        extent_info->data_offset += replace_len;
                        extent_info->file_offset += replace_len;
                }

                ret = btrfs_update_inode(trans, root, inode);
                if (ret)
                        break;

                btrfs_end_transaction(trans);
                btrfs_btree_balance_dirty(fs_info);

                trans = btrfs_start_transaction(root, rsv_count);
                if (IS_ERR(trans)) {
                        ret = PTR_ERR(trans);
                        trans = NULL;
                        break;
                }

                ret = btrfs_block_rsv_migrate(&fs_info->trans_block_rsv,
                                              rsv, min_size, false);
                BUG_ON(ret);    /* shouldn't happen */
                trans->block_rsv = rsv;

                cur_offset = drop_args.drop_end;
                len = end - cur_offset;
                if (!extent_info && len) {
                        ret = find_first_non_hole(inode, &cur_offset, &len);
                        if (unlikely(ret < 0))
                                break;
                        if (ret && !len) {
                                ret = 0;
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * If we were cloning, force the next fsync to be a full one since we
         * we replaced (or just dropped in the case of cloning holes when
         * NO_HOLES is enabled) file extent items and did not setup new extent
         * maps for the replacement extents (or holes).
         */
        if (extent_info && !extent_info->is_new_extent)
                set_bit(BTRFS_INODE_NEEDS_FULL_SYNC, &inode->runtime_flags);

        if (ret)
                goto out_trans;

        trans->block_rsv = &fs_info->trans_block_rsv;
        /*
         * If we are using the NO_HOLES feature we might have had already an
         * hole that overlaps a part of the region [lockstart, lockend] and
         * ends at (or beyond) lockend. Since we have no file extent items to
         * represent holes, drop_end can be less than lockend and so we must
         * make sure we have an extent map representing the existing hole (the
         * call to __btrfs_drop_extents() might have dropped the existing extent
         * map representing the existing hole), otherwise the fast fsync path
         * will not record the existence of the hole region
         * [existing_hole_start, lockend].
         */
        if (drop_args.drop_end <= end)
                drop_args.drop_end = end + 1;
        /*
         * Don't insert file hole extent item if it's for a range beyond eof
         * (because it's useless) or if it represents a 0 bytes range (when
         * cur_offset == drop_end).
         */
        if (!extent_info && cur_offset < ino_size &&
            cur_offset < drop_args.drop_end) {
                ret = fill_holes(trans, inode, path, cur_offset,
                                 drop_args.drop_end);
                if (ret) {
                        /* Same comment as above. */
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        goto out_trans;
                }
        } else if (!extent_info && cur_offset < drop_args.drop_end) {
                /* See the comment in the loop above for the reasoning here. */
                ret = btrfs_inode_clear_file_extent_range(inode, cur_offset,
                                        drop_args.drop_end - cur_offset);
                if (ret) {
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        goto out_trans;
                }

        }
        if (extent_info) {
                ret = btrfs_insert_replace_extent(trans, inode, path,
                                extent_info, extent_info->data_len,
                                drop_args.bytes_found);
                if (ret) {
                        btrfs_abort_transaction(trans, ret);
                        goto out_trans;
                }
        }

out_trans:
        if (!trans)
                goto out_free;

        trans->block_rsv = &fs_info->trans_block_rsv;
        if (ret)
                btrfs_end_transaction(trans);
        else
                *trans_out = trans;
out_free:
        btrfs_free_block_rsv(fs_info, rsv);
out:
        return ret;
}

static int btrfs_punch_hole(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, loff_t len)
{
        struct btrfs_fs_info *fs_info = btrfs_sb(inode->i_sb);
        struct btrfs_root *root = BTRFS_I(inode)->root;
        struct extent_state *cached_state = NULL;
        struct btrfs_path *path;
        struct btrfs_trans_handle *trans = NULL;
        u64 lockstart;
        u64 lockend;
        u64 tail_start;
        u64 tail_len;
        u64 orig_start = offset;
        int ret = 0;
        bool same_block;
        u64 ino_size;
        bool truncated_block = false;
        bool updated_inode = false;

        ret = btrfs_wait_ordered_range(inode, offset, len);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        btrfs_inode_lock(inode, BTRFS_ILOCK_MMAP);
        ino_size = round_up(inode->i_size, fs_info->sectorsize);
        ret = find_first_non_hole(BTRFS_I(inode), &offset, &len);
        if (ret < 0)
                goto out_only_mutex;
        if (ret && !len) {
                /* Already in a large hole */
                ret = 0;
                goto out_only_mutex;
        }

        lockstart = round_up(offset, btrfs_inode_sectorsize(BTRFS_I(inode)));
        lockend = round_down(offset + len,
                             btrfs_inode_sectorsize(BTRFS_I(inode))) - 1;
        same_block = (BTRFS_BYTES_TO_BLKS(fs_info, offset))
                == (BTRFS_BYTES_TO_BLKS(fs_info, offset + len - 1));
        /*
         * We needn't truncate any block which is beyond the end of the file
         * because we are sure there is no data there.
         */
        /*
         * Only do this if we are in the same block and we aren't doing the
         * entire block.
         */
        if (same_block && len < fs_info->sectorsize) {
                if (offset < ino_size) {
                        truncated_block = true;
                        ret = btrfs_truncate_block(BTRFS_I(inode), offset, len,
                                                   0);
                } else {
                        ret = 0;
                }
                goto out_only_mutex;
        }

        /* zero back part of the first block */
        if (offset < ino_size) {
                truncated_block = true;
                ret = btrfs_truncate_block(BTRFS_I(inode), offset, 0, 0);
                if (ret) {
                        btrfs_inode_unlock(inode, BTRFS_ILOCK_MMAP);
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        /* Check the aligned pages after the first unaligned page,
         * if offset != orig_start, which means the first unaligned page
         * including several following pages are already in holes,
         * the extra check can be skipped */
        if (offset == orig_start) {
                /* after truncate page, check hole again */
                len = offset + len - lockstart;
                offset = lockstart;
                ret = find_first_non_hole(BTRFS_I(inode), &offset, &len);
                if (ret < 0)
                        goto out_only_mutex;
                if (ret && !len) {
                        ret = 0;