// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 * turbostat -- show CPU frequency and C-state residency
 * on modern Intel and AMD processors.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2013 Intel Corporation.
 * Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
 */

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include MSRHEADER
#include INTEL_FAMILY_HEADER
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <err.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/select.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sched.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <cpuid.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <math.h>

char *proc_stat = "/proc/stat";
FILE *outf;
int *fd_percpu;
struct timeval interval_tv = {5, 0};
struct timespec interval_ts = {5, 0};
struct timespec one_msec = {0, 1000000};
unsigned int num_iterations;
unsigned int debug;
unsigned int quiet;
unsigned int shown;
unsigned int sums_need_wide_columns;
unsigned int rapl_joules;
unsigned int summary_only;
unsigned int list_header_only;
unsigned int dump_only;
unsigned int do_snb_cstates;
unsigned int do_knl_cstates;
unsigned int do_slm_cstates;
unsigned int use_c1_residency_msr;
unsigned int has_aperf;
unsigned int has_epb;
unsigned int do_irtl_snb;
unsigned int do_irtl_hsw;
unsigned int units = 1000000;   /* MHz etc */
unsigned int genuine_intel;
unsigned int authentic_amd;
unsigned int max_level, max_extended_level;
unsigned int has_invariant_tsc;
unsigned int do_nhm_platform_info;
unsigned int no_MSR_MISC_PWR_MGMT;
unsigned int aperf_mperf_multiplier = 1;
double bclk;
double base_hz;
unsigned int has_base_hz;
double tsc_tweak = 1.0;
unsigned int show_pkg_only;
unsigned int show_core_only;
char *output_buffer, *outp;
unsigned int do_rapl;
unsigned int do_dts;
unsigned int do_ptm;
unsigned long long  gfx_cur_rc6_ms;
unsigned long long cpuidle_cur_cpu_lpi_us;
unsigned long long cpuidle_cur_sys_lpi_us;
unsigned int gfx_cur_mhz;
unsigned int tcc_activation_temp;
unsigned int tcc_activation_temp_override;
double rapl_power_units, rapl_time_units;
double rapl_dram_energy_units, rapl_energy_units;
double rapl_joule_counter_range;
unsigned int do_core_perf_limit_reasons;
unsigned int has_automatic_cstate_conversion;
unsigned int do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons;
unsigned int do_ring_perf_limit_reasons;
unsigned int crystal_hz;
unsigned long long tsc_hz;
int base_cpu;
double discover_bclk(unsigned int family, unsigned int model);
unsigned int has_hwp;   /* IA32_PM_ENABLE, IA32_HWP_CAPABILITIES */
                        /* IA32_HWP_REQUEST, IA32_HWP_STATUS */
unsigned int has_hwp_notify;            /* IA32_HWP_INTERRUPT */
unsigned int has_hwp_activity_window;   /* IA32_HWP_REQUEST[bits 41:32] */
unsigned int has_hwp_epp;               /* IA32_HWP_REQUEST[bits 31:24] */
unsigned int has_hwp_pkg;               /* IA32_HWP_REQUEST_PKG */
unsigned int has_misc_feature_control;
unsigned int first_counter_read = 1;

#define RAPL_PKG                (1 << 0)
                                        /* 0x610 MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT */
                                        /* 0x611 MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
#define RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS    (1 << 1)
                                        /* 0x613 MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
#define RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO     (1 << 2)
                                        /* 0x614 MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO */

#define RAPL_DRAM               (1 << 3)
                                        /* 0x618 MSR_DRAM_POWER_LIMIT */
                                        /* 0x619 MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
#define RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS   (1 << 4)
                                        /* 0x61b MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
#define RAPL_DRAM_POWER_INFO    (1 << 5)
                                        /* 0x61c MSR_DRAM_POWER_INFO */

#define RAPL_CORES_POWER_LIMIT  (1 << 6)
                                        /* 0x638 MSR_PP0_POWER_LIMIT */
#define RAPL_CORE_POLICY        (1 << 7)
                                        /* 0x63a MSR_PP0_POLICY */

#define RAPL_GFX                (1 << 8)
                                        /* 0x640 MSR_PP1_POWER_LIMIT */
                                        /* 0x641 MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
                                        /* 0x642 MSR_PP1_POLICY */

#define RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS        (1 << 9)
                                        /* 0x639 MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
#define RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY    (1 << 10)
                                        /* Indicates cores energy collection is per-core,
                                         * not per-package. */
#define RAPL_AMD_F17H           (1 << 11)
                                        /* 0xc0010299 MSR_RAPL_PWR_UNIT */
                                        /* 0xc001029a MSR_CORE_ENERGY_STAT */
                                        /* 0xc001029b MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STAT */
#define RAPL_CORES (RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS | RAPL_CORES_POWER_LIMIT)
#define TJMAX_DEFAULT   100

/* MSRs that are not yet in the kernel-provided header. */
#define MSR_RAPL_PWR_UNIT       0xc0010299
#define MSR_CORE_ENERGY_STAT    0xc001029a
#define MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STAT     0xc001029b

#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))

/*
 * buffer size used by sscanf() for added column names
 * Usually truncated to 7 characters, but also handles 18 columns for raw 64-bit counters
 */
#define NAME_BYTES 20
#define PATH_BYTES 128

int backwards_count;
char *progname;

#define CPU_SUBSET_MAXCPUS      1024    /* need to use before probe... */
cpu_set_t *cpu_present_set, *cpu_affinity_set, *cpu_subset;
size_t cpu_present_setsize, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_subset_size;
#define MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS 8
#define MAX_ADDED_THREAD_COUNTERS 24
#define BITMASK_SIZE 32

struct thread_data {
        struct timeval tv_begin;
        struct timeval tv_end;
        unsigned long long tsc;
        unsigned long long aperf;
        unsigned long long mperf;
        unsigned long long c1;
        unsigned long long  irq_count;
        unsigned int smi_count;
        unsigned int cpu_id;
        unsigned int apic_id;
        unsigned int x2apic_id;
        unsigned int flags;
#define CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE     0x2
#define CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE    0x4
        unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_THREAD_COUNTERS];
} *thread_even, *thread_odd;

struct core_data {
        unsigned long long c3;
        unsigned long long c6;
        unsigned long long c7;
        unsigned long long mc6_us;      /* duplicate as per-core for now, even though per module */
        unsigned int core_temp_c;
        unsigned int core_energy;       /* MSR_CORE_ENERGY_STAT */
        unsigned int core_id;
        unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS];
} *core_even, *core_odd;

struct pkg_data {
        unsigned long long pc2;
        unsigned long long pc3;
        unsigned long long pc6;
        unsigned long long pc7;
        unsigned long long pc8;
        unsigned long long pc9;
        unsigned long long pc10;
        unsigned long long cpu_lpi;
        unsigned long long sys_lpi;
        unsigned long long pkg_wtd_core_c0;
        unsigned long long pkg_any_core_c0;
        unsigned long long pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
        unsigned long long pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;
        long long gfx_rc6_ms;
        unsigned int gfx_mhz;
        unsigned int package_id;
        unsigned int energy_pkg;        /* MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS */
        unsigned int energy_dram;       /* MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS */
        unsigned int energy_cores;      /* MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS */
        unsigned int energy_gfx;        /* MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS */
        unsigned int rapl_pkg_perf_status;      /* MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS */
        unsigned int rapl_dram_perf_status;     /* MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS */
        unsigned int pkg_temp_c;
        unsigned long long counter[MAX_ADDED_COUNTERS];
} *package_even, *package_odd;

#define ODD_COUNTERS thread_odd, core_odd, package_odd
#define EVEN_COUNTERS thread_even, core_even, package_even

#define GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, node_no, pkg_no)          \
        ((thread_base) +                                                      \
         ((pkg_no) *                                                          \
          topo.nodes_per_pkg * topo.cores_per_node * topo.threads_per_core) + \
         ((node_no) * topo.cores_per_node * topo.threads_per_core) +          \
         ((core_no) * topo.threads_per_core) +                                \
         (thread_no))

#define GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, node_no, pkg_no)                   \
        ((core_base) +                                                  \
         ((pkg_no) *  topo.nodes_per_pkg * topo.cores_per_node) +       \
         ((node_no) * topo.cores_per_node) +                            \
         (core_no))


#define GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no) (pkg_base + pkg_no)

enum counter_scope {SCOPE_CPU, SCOPE_CORE, SCOPE_PACKAGE};
enum counter_type {COUNTER_ITEMS, COUNTER_CYCLES, COUNTER_SECONDS, COUNTER_USEC};
enum counter_format {FORMAT_RAW, FORMAT_DELTA, FORMAT_PERCENT};

struct msr_counter {
        unsigned int msr_num;
        char name[NAME_BYTES];
        char path[PATH_BYTES];
        unsigned int width;
        enum counter_type type;
        enum counter_format format;
        struct msr_counter *next;
        unsigned int flags;
#define FLAGS_HIDE      (1 << 0)
#define FLAGS_SHOW      (1 << 1)
#define SYSFS_PERCPU    (1 << 1)
};

struct sys_counters {
        unsigned int added_thread_counters;
        unsigned int added_core_counters;
        unsigned int added_package_counters;
        struct msr_counter *tp;
        struct msr_counter *cp;
        struct msr_counter *pp;
} sys;

struct system_summary {
        struct thread_data threads;
        struct core_data cores;
        struct pkg_data packages;
} average;

struct cpu_topology {
        int physical_package_id;
        int die_id;
        int logical_cpu_id;
        int physical_node_id;
        int logical_node_id;    /* 0-based count within the package */
        int physical_core_id;
        int thread_id;
        cpu_set_t *put_ids; /* Processing Unit/Thread IDs */
} *cpus;

struct topo_params {
        int num_packages;
        int num_die;
        int num_cpus;
        int num_cores;
        int max_cpu_num;
        int max_node_num;
        int nodes_per_pkg;
        int cores_per_node;
        int threads_per_core;
} topo;

struct timeval tv_even, tv_odd, tv_delta;

int *irq_column_2_cpu;  /* /proc/interrupts column numbers */
int *irqs_per_cpu;              /* indexed by cpu_num */

void setup_all_buffers(void);

int cpu_is_not_present(int cpu)
{
        return !CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
}
/*
 * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
 * skip non-present cpus
 */

int for_all_cpus(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *, struct pkg_data *),
        struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base)
{
        int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no, node_no;

        for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
                for (node_no = 0; node_no < topo.nodes_per_pkg; node_no++) {
                        for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.cores_per_node; ++core_no) {
                                for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
                                        topo.threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
                                        struct thread_data *t;
                                        struct core_data *c;
                                        struct pkg_data *p;

                                        t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no,
                                                       core_no, node_no,
                                                       pkg_no);

                                        if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
                                                continue;

                                        c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no,
                                                     node_no, pkg_no);
                                        p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);

                                        retval = func(t, c, p);
                                        if (retval)
                                                return retval;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

int cpu_migrate(int cpu)
{
        CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
        CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
        if (sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set) == -1)
                return -1;
        else
                return 0;
}
int get_msr_fd(int cpu)
{
        char pathname[32];
        int fd;

        fd = fd_percpu[cpu];

        if (fd)
                return fd;

        sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", cpu);
        fd = open(pathname, O_RDONLY);
        if (fd < 0)
                err(-1, "%s open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr, or run as root", pathname);

        fd_percpu[cpu] = fd;

        return fd;
}

int get_msr(int cpu, off_t offset, unsigned long long *msr)
{
        ssize_t retval;

        retval = pread(get_msr_fd(cpu), msr, sizeof(*msr), offset);

        if (retval != sizeof *msr)
                err(-1, "cpu%d: msr offset 0x%llx read failed", cpu, (unsigned long long)offset);

        return 0;
}

/*
 * This list matches the column headers, except
 * 1. built-in only, the sysfs counters are not here -- we learn of those at run-time
 * 2. Core and CPU are moved to the end, we can't have strings that contain them
 *    matching on them for --show and --hide.
 */
struct msr_counter bic[] = {
        { 0x0, "usec" },
        { 0x0, "Time_Of_Day_Seconds" },
        { 0x0, "Package" },
        { 0x0, "Node" },
        { 0x0, "Avg_MHz" },
        { 0x0, "Busy%" },
        { 0x0, "Bzy_MHz" },
        { 0x0, "TSC_MHz" },
        { 0x0, "IRQ" },
        { 0x0, "SMI", "", 32, 0, FORMAT_DELTA, NULL},
        { 0x0, "sysfs" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%c1" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%c3" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%c6" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%c7" },
        { 0x0, "ThreadC" },
        { 0x0, "CoreTmp" },
        { 0x0, "CoreCnt" },
        { 0x0, "PkgTmp" },
        { 0x0, "GFX%rc6" },
        { 0x0, "GFXMHz" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc2" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc3" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc6" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc7" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc8" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg%pc9" },
        { 0x0, "Pk%pc10" },
        { 0x0, "CPU%LPI" },
        { 0x0, "SYS%LPI" },
        { 0x0, "PkgWatt" },
        { 0x0, "CorWatt" },
        { 0x0, "GFXWatt" },
        { 0x0, "PkgCnt" },
        { 0x0, "RAMWatt" },
        { 0x0, "PKG_%" },
        { 0x0, "RAM_%" },
        { 0x0, "Pkg_J" },
        { 0x0, "Cor_J" },
        { 0x0, "GFX_J" },
        { 0x0, "RAM_J" },
        { 0x0, "Mod%c6" },
        { 0x0, "Totl%C0" },
        { 0x0, "Any%C0" },
        { 0x0, "GFX%C0" },
        { 0x0, "CPUGFX%" },
        { 0x0, "Core" },
        { 0x0, "CPU" },
        { 0x0, "APIC" },
        { 0x0, "X2APIC" },
        { 0x0, "Die" },
};

#define MAX_BIC (sizeof(bic) / sizeof(struct msr_counter))
#define BIC_USEC        (1ULL << 0)
#define BIC_TOD         (1ULL << 1)
#define BIC_Package     (1ULL << 2)
#define BIC_Node        (1ULL << 3)
#define BIC_Avg_MHz     (1ULL << 4)
#define BIC_Busy        (1ULL << 5)
#define BIC_Bzy_MHz     (1ULL << 6)
#define BIC_TSC_MHz     (1ULL << 7)
#define BIC_IRQ         (1ULL << 8)
#define BIC_SMI         (1ULL << 9)
#define BIC_sysfs       (1ULL << 10)
#define BIC_CPU_c1      (1ULL << 11)
#define BIC_CPU_c3      (1ULL << 12)
#define BIC_CPU_c6      (1ULL << 13)
#define BIC_CPU_c7      (1ULL << 14)
#define BIC_ThreadC     (1ULL << 15)
#define BIC_CoreTmp     (1ULL << 16)
#define BIC_CoreCnt     (1ULL << 17)
#define BIC_PkgTmp      (1ULL << 18)
#define BIC_GFX_rc6     (1ULL << 19)
#define BIC_GFXMHz      (1ULL << 20)
#define BIC_Pkgpc2      (1ULL << 21)
#define BIC_Pkgpc3      (1ULL << 22)
#define BIC_Pkgpc6      (1ULL << 23)
#define BIC_Pkgpc7      (1ULL << 24)
#define BIC_Pkgpc8      (1ULL << 25)
#define BIC_Pkgpc9      (1ULL << 26)
#define BIC_Pkgpc10     (1ULL << 27)
#define BIC_CPU_LPI     (1ULL << 28)
#define BIC_SYS_LPI     (1ULL << 29)
#define BIC_PkgWatt     (1ULL << 30)
#define BIC_CorWatt     (1ULL << 31)
#define BIC_GFXWatt     (1ULL << 32)
#define BIC_PkgCnt      (1ULL << 33)
#define BIC_RAMWatt     (1ULL << 34)
#define BIC_PKG__       (1ULL << 35)
#define BIC_RAM__       (1ULL << 36)
#define BIC_Pkg_J       (1ULL << 37)
#define BIC_Cor_J       (1ULL << 38)
#define BIC_GFX_J       (1ULL << 39)
#define BIC_RAM_J       (1ULL << 40)
#define BIC_Mod_c6      (1ULL << 41)
#define BIC_Totl_c0     (1ULL << 42)
#define BIC_Any_c0      (1ULL << 43)
#define BIC_GFX_c0      (1ULL << 44)
#define BIC_CPUGFX      (1ULL << 45)
#define BIC_Core        (1ULL << 46)
#define BIC_CPU         (1ULL << 47)
#define BIC_APIC        (1ULL << 48)
#define BIC_X2APIC      (1ULL << 49)
#define BIC_Die         (1ULL << 50)

#define BIC_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT (BIC_USEC | BIC_TOD | BIC_APIC | BIC_X2APIC)

unsigned long long bic_enabled = (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL & ~BIC_DISABLED_BY_DEFAULT);
unsigned long long bic_present = BIC_USEC | BIC_TOD | BIC_sysfs | BIC_APIC | BIC_X2APIC;

#define DO_BIC(COUNTER_NAME) (bic_enabled & bic_present & COUNTER_NAME)
#define ENABLE_BIC(COUNTER_NAME) (bic_enabled |= COUNTER_NAME)
#define BIC_PRESENT(COUNTER_BIT) (bic_present |= COUNTER_BIT)
#define BIC_NOT_PRESENT(COUNTER_BIT) (bic_present &= ~COUNTER_BIT)


#define MAX_DEFERRED 16
char *deferred_skip_names[MAX_DEFERRED];
int deferred_skip_index;

/*
 * HIDE_LIST - hide this list of counters, show the rest [default]
 * SHOW_LIST - show this list of counters, hide the rest
 */
enum show_hide_mode { SHOW_LIST, HIDE_LIST } global_show_hide_mode = HIDE_LIST;

void help(void)
{
        fprintf(outf,
        "Usage: turbostat [OPTIONS][(--interval seconds) | COMMAND ...]\n"
        "\n"
        "Turbostat forks the specified COMMAND and prints statistics\n"
        "when COMMAND completes.\n"
        "If no COMMAND is specified, turbostat wakes every 5-seconds\n"
        "to print statistics, until interrupted.\n"
        "  -a, --add    add a counter\n"
        "                 eg. --add msr0x10,u64,cpu,delta,MY_TSC\n"
        "  -c, --cpu    cpu-set limit output to summary plus cpu-set:\n"
        "                 {core | package | j,k,l..m,n-p }\n"
        "  -d, --debug  displays usec, Time_Of_Day_Seconds and more debugging\n"
        "  -D, --Dump   displays the raw counter values\n"
        "  -e, --enable [all | column]\n"
        "               shows all or the specified disabled column\n"
        "  -H, --hide [column|column,column,...]\n"
        "               hide the specified column(s)\n"
        "  -i, --interval sec.subsec\n"
        "               Override default 5-second measurement interval\n"
        "  -J, --Joules displays energy in Joules instead of Watts\n"
        "  -l, --list   list column headers only\n"
        "  -n, --num_iterations num\n"
        "               number of the measurement iterations\n"
        "  -o, --out file\n"
        "               create or truncate \"file\" for all output\n"
        "  -q, --quiet  skip decoding system configuration header\n"
        "  -s, --show [column|column,column,...]\n"
        "               show only the specified column(s)\n"
        "  -S, --Summary\n"
        "               limits output to 1-line system summary per interval\n"
        "  -T, --TCC temperature\n"
        "               sets the Thermal Control Circuit temperature in\n"
        "                 degrees Celsius\n"
        "  -h, --help   print this help message\n"
        "  -v, --version        print version information\n"
        "\n"
        "For more help, run \"man turbostat\"\n");
}

/*
 * bic_lookup
 * for all the strings in comma separate name_list,
 * set the approprate bit in return value.
 */
unsigned long long bic_lookup(char *name_list, enum show_hide_mode mode)
{
        int i;
        unsigned long long retval = 0;

        while (name_list) {
                char *comma;

                comma = strchr(name_list, ',');

                if (comma)
                        *comma = '\0';

                if (!strcmp(name_list, "all"))
                        return ~0;

                for (i = 0; i < MAX_BIC; ++i) {
                        if (!strcmp(name_list, bic[i].name)) {
                                retval |= (1ULL << i);
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (i == MAX_BIC) {
                        if (mode == SHOW_LIST) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "Invalid counter name: %s\n", name_list);
                                exit(-1);
                        }
                        deferred_skip_names[deferred_skip_index++] = name_list;
                        if (debug)
                                fprintf(stderr, "deferred \"%s\"\n", name_list);
                        if (deferred_skip_index >= MAX_DEFERRED) {
                                fprintf(stderr, "More than max %d un-recognized --skip options '%s'\n",
                                        MAX_DEFERRED, name_list);
                                help();
                                exit(1);
                        }
                }

                name_list = comma;
                if (name_list)
                        name_list++;

        }
        return retval;
}


void print_header(char *delim)
{
        struct msr_counter *mp;
        int printed = 0;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_USEC))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%susec", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_TOD))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sTime_Of_Day_Seconds", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPackage", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Die))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sDie", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Node))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sNode", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCore", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sAPIC", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sX2APIC", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sAvg_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Busy))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sBusy%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sBzy_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_TSC_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sTSC_MHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ)) {
                if (sums_need_wide_columns)
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s     IRQ", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                else
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sIRQ", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sSMI", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        for (mp = sys.tp; mp; mp = mp->next) {

                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 64)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
                } else {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", (printed++ ? delim : ""), mp->name);
                }
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c1", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c3", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%c7", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sMod%%c6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCoreTmp", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (do_rapl && !rapl_joules) {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_CorWatt) && (do_rapl & RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCorWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        } else if (do_rapl && rapl_joules) {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Cor_J) && (do_rapl & RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCor_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        }

        for (mp = sys.cp; mp; mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 64)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", delim, mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", delim, mp->name);
                } else {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", delim, mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", delim, mp->name);
                }
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkgTmp", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX%%rc6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFXMHz", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sTotl%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sAny%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX%%C0", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPUGFX%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc2", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc3", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc6", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc7", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc8", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg%%pc9", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPk%%pc10", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_LPI))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCPU%%LPI", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SYS_LPI))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%sSYS%%LPI", (printed++ ? delim : ""));

        if (do_rapl && !rapl_joules) {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgWatt))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkgWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_CorWatt) && !(do_rapl & RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCorWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXWatt))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFXWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAMWatt))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAMWatt", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPKG_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        } else if (do_rapl && rapl_joules) {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkg_J))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPkg_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Cor_J) && !(do_rapl & RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sCor_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_J))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sGFX_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM_J))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_J", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sPKG_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%sRAM_%%", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        }
        for (mp = sys.pp; mp; mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 64)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%18.18s", delim, mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%10.10s", delim, mp->name);
                } else {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8s", delim, mp->name);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%s", delim, mp->name);
                }
        }

        outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
}

int dump_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        outp += sprintf(outp, "t %p, c %p, p %p\n", t, c, p);

        if (t) {
                outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU: %d flags 0x%x\n",
                        t->cpu_id, t->flags);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "TSC: %016llX\n", t->tsc);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "aperf: %016llX\n", t->aperf);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "mperf: %016llX\n", t->mperf);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "c1: %016llX\n", t->c1);

                if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "IRQ: %lld\n", t->irq_count);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "SMI: %d\n", t->smi_count);

                for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "tADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
                                i, mp->msr_num, t->counter[i]);
                }
        }

        if (c) {
                outp += sprintf(outp, "core: %d\n", c->core_id);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "c3: %016llX\n", c->c3);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "c6: %016llX\n", c->c6);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "c7: %016llX\n", c->c7);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "DTS: %dC\n", c->core_temp_c);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules: %0X\n", c->core_energy);

                for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "cADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
                                i, mp->msr_num, c->counter[i]);
                }
                outp += sprintf(outp, "mc6_us: %016llX\n", c->mc6_us);
        }

        if (p) {
                outp += sprintf(outp, "package: %d\n", p->package_id);

                outp += sprintf(outp, "Weighted cores: %016llX\n", p->pkg_wtd_core_c0);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Any cores: %016llX\n", p->pkg_any_core_c0);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Any GFX: %016llX\n", p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "CPU + GFX: %016llX\n", p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0);

                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc2: %016llX\n", p->pc2);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "pc3: %016llX\n", p->pc3);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "pc6: %016llX\n", p->pc6);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "pc7: %016llX\n", p->pc7);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc8: %016llX\n", p->pc8);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc9: %016llX\n", p->pc9);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc10: %016llX\n", p->pc10);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "pc10: %016llX\n", p->pc10);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "cpu_lpi: %016llX\n", p->cpu_lpi);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "sys_lpi: %016llX\n", p->sys_lpi);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules PKG: %0X\n", p->energy_pkg);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules COR: %0X\n", p->energy_cores);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules GFX: %0X\n", p->energy_gfx);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Joules RAM: %0X\n", p->energy_dram);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle PKG: %0X\n",
                        p->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "Throttle RAM: %0X\n",
                        p->rapl_dram_perf_status);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "PTM: %dC\n", p->pkg_temp_c);

                for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "pADDED [%d] msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
                                i, mp->msr_num, p->counter[i]);
                }
        }

        outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");

        return 0;
}

/*
 * column formatting convention & formats
 */
int format_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p)
{
        double interval_float, tsc;
        char *fmt8;
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;
        char *delim = "\t";
        int printed = 0;

         /* if showing only 1st thread in core and this isn't one, bail out */
        if (show_core_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                return 0;

         /* if showing only 1st thread in pkg and this isn't one, bail out */
        if (show_pkg_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        /*if not summary line and --cpu is used */
        if ((t != &average.threads) &&
                (cpu_subset && !CPU_ISSET_S(t->cpu_id, cpu_subset_size, cpu_subset)))
                return 0;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_USEC)) {
                /* on each row, print how many usec each timestamp took to gather */
                struct timeval tv;

                timersub(&t->tv_end, &t->tv_begin, &tv);
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%5ld\t", tv.tv_sec * 1000000 + tv.tv_usec);
        }

        /* Time_Of_Day_Seconds: on each row, print sec.usec last timestamp taken */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_TOD))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%10ld.%06ld\t", t->tv_end.tv_sec, t->tv_end.tv_usec);

        interval_float = tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0;

        tsc = t->tsc * tsc_tweak;

        /* topo columns, print blanks on 1st (average) line */
        if (t == &average.threads) {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Die))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Node))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
        } else {
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Package)) {
                        if (p)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->package_id);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                }
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Die)) {
                        if (c)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), cpus[t->cpu_id].die_id);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                }
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Node)) {
                        if (t)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d",
                                                (printed++ ? delim : ""),
                                              cpus[t->cpu_id].physical_node_id);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-",
                                                (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                }
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_Core)) {
                        if (c)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->core_id);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s-", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                }
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->cpu_id);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->apic_id);
                if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->x2apic_id);
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
                        1.0 / units * t->aperf / interval_float);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Busy))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->mperf/tsc);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
                if (has_base_hz)
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), base_hz / units * t->aperf / t->mperf);
                else
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
                                tsc / units * t->aperf / t->mperf / interval_float);
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_TSC_MHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.0f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 1.0 * t->tsc/units/interval_float);

        /* IRQ */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ)) {
                if (sums_need_wide_columns)
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->irq_count);
                else
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->irq_count);
        }

        /* SMI */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->smi_count);

        /* Added counters */

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 32)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) t->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
                        if (mp->type == COUNTER_USEC)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), t->counter[i]/interval_float/10000);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->counter[i]/tsc);
                }
        }

        /* C1 */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * t->c1/tsc);


        /* print per-core data only for 1st thread in core */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                goto done;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c3/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c6/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->c7/tsc);

        /* Mod%c6 */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->mc6_us / tsc);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->core_temp_c);

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 32)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) c->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * c->counter[i]/tsc);
                }
        }

        /*
         * If measurement interval exceeds minimum RAPL Joule Counter range,
         * indicate that results are suspect by printing "**" in fraction place.
         */
        if (interval_float < rapl_joule_counter_range)
                fmt8 = "%s%.2f";
        else
                fmt8 = "%6.0f**";

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CorWatt) && (do_rapl & RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->core_energy * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Cor_J) && (do_rapl & RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), c->core_energy * rapl_energy_units);

        /* print per-package data only for 1st core in package */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                goto done;

        /* PkgTmp */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->pkg_temp_c);

        /* GFXrc6 */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6)) {
                if (p->gfx_rc6_ms == -1) {      /* detect GFX counter reset */
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s**.**", (printed++ ? delim : ""));
                } else {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""),
                                p->gfx_rc6_ms / 10.0 / interval_float);
                }
        }

        /* GFXMHz */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%d", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->gfx_mhz);

        /* Totl%C0, Any%C0 GFX%C0 CPUGFX% */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_wtd_core_c0/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_any_core_c0/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0/tsc);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc2/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc3/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc6/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc7/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc8/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc9/tsc);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->pc10/tsc);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_LPI))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->cpu_lpi / 1000000.0 / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SYS_LPI))
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->sys_lpi / 1000000.0 / interval_float);

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgWatt))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CorWatt) && !(do_rapl & RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXWatt))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAMWatt))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_dram * rapl_dram_energy_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkg_J))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_pkg * rapl_energy_units);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Cor_J) && !(do_rapl & RAPL_PER_CORE_ENERGY))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_cores * rapl_energy_units);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_J))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_gfx * rapl_energy_units);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM_J))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->energy_dram * rapl_dram_energy_units);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PKG__))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->rapl_pkg_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_RAM__))
                outp += sprintf(outp, fmt8, (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->rapl_dram_perf_status * rapl_time_units / interval_float);

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW) {
                        if (mp->width == 32)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%08x", (printed++ ? delim : ""), (unsigned int) p->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s0x%016llx", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_DELTA) {
                        if ((mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) && sums_need_wide_columns)
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%8lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
                        else
                                outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%lld", (printed++ ? delim : ""), p->counter[i]);
                } else if (mp->format == FORMAT_PERCENT) {
                        outp += sprintf(outp, "%s%.2f", (printed++ ? delim : ""), 100.0 * p->counter[i]/tsc);
                }
        }

done:
        if (*(outp - 1) != '\n')
                outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");

        return 0;
}

void flush_output_stdout(void)
{
        FILE *filep;

        if (outf == stderr)
                filep = stdout;
        else
                filep = outf;

        fputs(output_buffer, filep);
        fflush(filep);

        outp = output_buffer;
}
void flush_output_stderr(void)
{
        fputs(output_buffer, outf);
        fflush(outf);
        outp = output_buffer;
}
void format_all_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        static int printed;

        if (!printed || !summary_only)
                print_header("\t");

        format_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores, &average.packages);

        printed = 1;

        if (summary_only)
                return;

        for_all_cpus(format_counters, t, c, p);
}

#define DELTA_WRAP32(new, old)                  \
        if (new > old) {                        \
                old = new - old;                \
        } else {                                \
                old = 0x100000000 + new - old;  \
        }

int
delta_package(struct pkg_data *new, struct pkg_data *old)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;


        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                old->pkg_wtd_core_c0 = new->pkg_wtd_core_c0 - old->pkg_wtd_core_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                old->pkg_any_core_c0 = new->pkg_any_core_c0 - old->pkg_any_core_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                old->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 = new->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 - old->pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                old->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 = new->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 - old->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;

        old->pc2 = new->pc2 - old->pc2;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                old->pc3 = new->pc3 - old->pc3;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                old->pc6 = new->pc6 - old->pc6;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                old->pc7 = new->pc7 - old->pc7;
        old->pc8 = new->pc8 - old->pc8;
        old->pc9 = new->pc9 - old->pc9;
        old->pc10 = new->pc10 - old->pc10;
        old->cpu_lpi = new->cpu_lpi - old->cpu_lpi;
        old->sys_lpi = new->sys_lpi - old->sys_lpi;
        old->pkg_temp_c = new->pkg_temp_c;

        /* flag an error when rc6 counter resets/wraps */
        if (old->gfx_rc6_ms >  new->gfx_rc6_ms)
                old->gfx_rc6_ms = -1;
        else
                old->gfx_rc6_ms = new->gfx_rc6_ms - old->gfx_rc6_ms;

        old->gfx_mhz = new->gfx_mhz;

        DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_pkg, old->energy_pkg);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_cores, old->energy_cores);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_gfx, old->energy_gfx);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->energy_dram, old->energy_dram);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_pkg_perf_status, old->rapl_pkg_perf_status);
        DELTA_WRAP32(new->rapl_dram_perf_status, old->rapl_dram_perf_status);

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
                else
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
        }

        return 0;
}

void
delta_core(struct core_data *new, struct core_data *old)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        old->c3 = new->c3 - old->c3;
        old->c6 = new->c6 - old->c6;
        old->c7 = new->c7 - old->c7;
        old->core_temp_c = new->core_temp_c;
        old->mc6_us = new->mc6_us - old->mc6_us;

        DELTA_WRAP32(new->core_energy, old->core_energy);

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
                else
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
        }
}

/*
 * old = new - old
 */
int
delta_thread(struct thread_data *new, struct thread_data *old,
        struct core_data *core_delta)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        /* we run cpuid just the 1st time, copy the results */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
                new->apic_id = old->apic_id;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
                new->x2apic_id = old->x2apic_id;

        /*
         * the timestamps from start of measurement interval are in "old"
         * the timestamp from end of measurement interval are in "new"
         * over-write old w/ new so we can print end of interval values
         */

        old->tv_begin = new->tv_begin;
        old->tv_end = new->tv_end;

        old->tsc = new->tsc - old->tsc;

        /* check for TSC < 1 Mcycles over interval */
        if (old->tsc < (1000 * 1000))
                errx(-3, "Insanely slow TSC rate, TSC stops in idle?\n"
                     "You can disable all c-states by booting with \"idle=poll\"\n"
                     "or just the deep ones with \"processor.max_cstate=1\"");

        old->c1 = new->c1 - old->c1;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz) || DO_BIC(BIC_Busy) || DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
                if ((new->aperf > old->aperf) && (new->mperf > old->mperf)) {
                        old->aperf = new->aperf - old->aperf;
                        old->mperf = new->mperf - old->mperf;
                } else {
                        return -1;
                }
        }


        if (use_c1_residency_msr) {
                /*
                 * Some models have a dedicated C1 residency MSR,
                 * which should be more accurate than the derivation below.
                 */
        } else {
                /*
                 * As counter collection is not atomic,
                 * it is possible for mperf's non-halted cycles + idle states
                 * to exceed TSC's all cycles: show c1 = 0% in that case.
                 */
                if ((old->mperf + core_delta->c3 + core_delta->c6 + core_delta->c7) > (old->tsc * tsc_tweak))
                        old->c1 = 0;
                else {
                        /* normal case, derive c1 */
                        old->c1 = (old->tsc * tsc_tweak) - old->mperf - core_delta->c3
                                - core_delta->c6 - core_delta->c7;
                }
        }

        if (old->mperf == 0) {
                if (debug > 1)
                        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d MPERF 0!\n", old->cpu_id);
                old->mperf = 1; /* divide by 0 protection */
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
                old->irq_count = new->irq_count - old->irq_count;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI))
                old->smi_count = new->smi_count - old->smi_count;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i];
                else
                        old->counter[i] = new->counter[i] - old->counter[i];
        }
        return 0;
}

int delta_cpu(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p, struct thread_data *t2,
        struct core_data *c2, struct pkg_data *p2)
{
        int retval = 0;

        /* calculate core delta only for 1st thread in core */
        if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE)
                delta_core(c, c2);

        /* always calculate thread delta */
        retval = delta_thread(t, t2, c2);       /* c2 is core delta */
        if (retval)
                return retval;

        /* calculate package delta only for 1st core in package */
        if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)
                retval = delta_package(p, p2);

        return retval;
}

void clear_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter  *mp;

        t->tv_begin.tv_sec = 0;
        t->tv_begin.tv_usec = 0;
        t->tv_end.tv_sec = 0;
        t->tv_end.tv_usec = 0;

        t->tsc = 0;
        t->aperf = 0;
        t->mperf = 0;
        t->c1 = 0;

        t->irq_count = 0;
        t->smi_count = 0;

        /* tells format_counters to dump all fields from this set */
        t->flags = CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE | CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;

        c->c3 = 0;
        c->c6 = 0;
        c->c7 = 0;
        c->mc6_us = 0;
        c->core_temp_c = 0;
        c->core_energy = 0;

        p->pkg_wtd_core_c0 = 0;
        p->pkg_any_core_c0 = 0;
        p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0 = 0;
        p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 = 0;

        p->pc2 = 0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                p->pc3 = 0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                p->pc6 = 0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                p->pc7 = 0;
        p->pc8 = 0;
        p->pc9 = 0;
        p->pc10 = 0;
        p->cpu_lpi = 0;
        p->sys_lpi = 0;

        p->energy_pkg = 0;
        p->energy_dram = 0;
        p->energy_cores = 0;
        p->energy_gfx = 0;
        p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = 0;
        p->rapl_dram_perf_status = 0;
        p->pkg_temp_c = 0;

        p->gfx_rc6_ms = 0;
        p->gfx_mhz = 0;
        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
                t->counter[i] = 0;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
                c->counter[i] = 0;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next)
                p->counter[i] = 0;
}
int sum_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        /* copy un-changing apic_id's */
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC))
                average.threads.apic_id = t->apic_id;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
                average.threads.x2apic_id = t->x2apic_id;

        /* remember first tv_begin */
        if (average.threads.tv_begin.tv_sec == 0)
                average.threads.tv_begin = t->tv_begin;

        /* remember last tv_end */
        average.threads.tv_end = t->tv_end;

        average.threads.tsc += t->tsc;
        average.threads.aperf += t->aperf;
        average.threads.mperf += t->mperf;
        average.threads.c1 += t->c1;

        average.threads.irq_count += t->irq_count;
        average.threads.smi_count += t->smi_count;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                average.threads.counter[i] += t->counter[i];
        }

        /* sum per-core values only for 1st thread in core */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                return 0;

        average.cores.c3 += c->c3;
        average.cores.c6 += c->c6;
        average.cores.c7 += c->c7;
        average.cores.mc6_us += c->mc6_us;

        average.cores.core_temp_c = MAX(average.cores.core_temp_c, c->core_temp_c);

        average.cores.core_energy += c->core_energy;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                average.cores.counter[i] += c->counter[i];
        }

        /* sum per-pkg values only for 1st core in pkg */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                return 0;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_wtd_core_c0 += p->pkg_wtd_core_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_any_core_c0 += p->pkg_any_core_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_any_gfxe_c0 += p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                average.packages.pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 += p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0;

        average.packages.pc2 += p->pc2;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                average.packages.pc3 += p->pc3;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                average.packages.pc6 += p->pc6;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                average.packages.pc7 += p->pc7;
        average.packages.pc8 += p->pc8;
        average.packages.pc9 += p->pc9;
        average.packages.pc10 += p->pc10;

        average.packages.cpu_lpi = p->cpu_lpi;
        average.packages.sys_lpi = p->sys_lpi;

        average.packages.energy_pkg += p->energy_pkg;
        average.packages.energy_dram += p->energy_dram;
        average.packages.energy_cores += p->energy_cores;
        average.packages.energy_gfx += p->energy_gfx;

        average.packages.gfx_rc6_ms = p->gfx_rc6_ms;
        average.packages.gfx_mhz = p->gfx_mhz;

        average.packages.pkg_temp_c = MAX(average.packages.pkg_temp_c, p->pkg_temp_c);

        average.packages.rapl_pkg_perf_status += p->rapl_pkg_perf_status;
        average.packages.rapl_dram_perf_status += p->rapl_dram_perf_status;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                average.packages.counter[i] += p->counter[i];
        }
        return 0;
}
/*
 * sum the counters for all cpus in the system
 * compute the weighted average
 */
void compute_average(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
        struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int i;
        struct msr_counter *mp;

        clear_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores, &average.packages);

        for_all_cpus(sum_counters, t, c, p);

        average.threads.tsc /= topo.num_cpus;
        average.threads.aperf /= topo.num_cpus;
        average.threads.mperf /= topo.num_cpus;
        average.threads.c1 /= topo.num_cpus;

        if (average.threads.irq_count > 9999999)
                sums_need_wide_columns = 1;

        average.cores.c3 /= topo.num_cores;
        average.cores.c6 /= topo.num_cores;
        average.cores.c7 /= topo.num_cores;
        average.cores.mc6_us /= topo.num_cores;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_wtd_core_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_any_core_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0))
                average.packages.pkg_any_gfxe_c0 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX))
                average.packages.pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0 /= topo.num_packages;

        average.packages.pc2 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                average.packages.pc3 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6))
                average.packages.pc6 /= topo.num_packages;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                average.packages.pc7 /= topo.num_packages;

        average.packages.pc8 /= topo.num_packages;
        average.packages.pc9 /= topo.num_packages;
        average.packages.pc10 /= topo.num_packages;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
                        if (average.threads.counter[i] > 9999999)
                                sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
                        continue;
                }
                average.threads.counter[i] /= topo.num_cpus;
        }
        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
                        if (average.cores.counter[i] > 9999999)
                                sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
                }
                average.cores.counter[i] /= topo.num_cores;
        }
        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (mp->format == FORMAT_RAW)
                        continue;
                if (mp->type == COUNTER_ITEMS) {
                        if (average.packages.counter[i] > 9999999)
                                sums_need_wide_columns = 1;
                }
                average.packages.counter[i] /= topo.num_packages;
        }
}

static unsigned long long rdtsc(void)
{
        unsigned int low, high;

        asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (low), "=d" (high));

        return low | ((unsigned long long)high) << 32;
}

/*
 * Open a file, and exit on failure
 */
FILE *fopen_or_die(const char *path, const char *mode)
{
        FILE *filep = fopen(path, mode);

        if (!filep)
                err(1, "%s: open failed", path);
        return filep;
}
/*
 * snapshot_sysfs_counter()
 *
 * return snapshot of given counter
 */
unsigned long long snapshot_sysfs_counter(char *path)
{
        FILE *fp;
        int retval;
        unsigned long long counter;

        fp = fopen_or_die(path, "r");

        retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &counter);
        if (retval != 1)
                err(1, "snapshot_sysfs_counter(%s)", path);

        fclose(fp);

        return counter;
}

int get_mp(int cpu, struct msr_counter *mp, unsigned long long *counterp)
{
        if (mp->msr_num != 0) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, mp->msr_num, counterp))
                        return -1;
        } else {
                char path[128 + PATH_BYTES];

                if (mp->flags & SYSFS_PERCPU) {
                        sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/%s",
                                 cpu, mp->path);

                        *counterp = snapshot_sysfs_counter(path);
                } else {
                        *counterp = snapshot_sysfs_counter(mp->path);
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

void get_apic_id(struct thread_data *t)
{
        unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_APIC)) {
                eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
                __cpuid(1, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);

                t->apic_id = (ebx >> 24) & 0xff;
        }

        if (!DO_BIC(BIC_X2APIC))
                return;

        if (authentic_amd) {
                unsigned int topology_extensions;

                if (max_extended_level < 0x8000001e)
                        return;

                eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
                __cpuid(0x80000001, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
                        topology_extensions = ecx & (1 << 22);

                if (topology_extensions == 0)
                        return;

                eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
                __cpuid(0x8000001e, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);

                t->x2apic_id = eax;
                return;
        }

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return;

        if (max_level < 0xb)
                return;

        ecx = 0;
        __cpuid(0xb, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
        t->x2apic_id = edx;

        if (debug && (t->apic_id != (t->x2apic_id & 0xff)))
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: BIOS BUG: apic 0x%x x2apic 0x%x\n",
                                t->cpu_id, t->apic_id, t->x2apic_id);
}

/*
 * get_counters(...)
 * migrate to cpu
 * acquire and record local counters for that cpu
 */
int get_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
        int cpu = t->cpu_id;
        unsigned long long msr;
        int aperf_mperf_retry_count = 0;
        struct msr_counter *mp;
        int i;

        gettimeofday(&t->tv_begin, (struct timezone *)NULL);

        if (cpu_migrate(cpu)) {
                fprintf(outf, "Could not migrate to CPU %d\n", cpu);
                return -1;
        }

        if (first_counter_read)
                get_apic_id(t);
retry:
        t->tsc = rdtsc();       /* we are running on local CPU of interest */

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Avg_MHz) || DO_BIC(BIC_Busy) || DO_BIC(BIC_Bzy_MHz)) {
                unsigned long long tsc_before, tsc_between, tsc_after, aperf_time, mperf_time;

                /*
                 * The TSC, APERF and MPERF must be read together for
                 * APERF/MPERF and MPERF/TSC to give accurate results.
                 *
                 * Unfortunately, APERF and MPERF are read by
                 * individual system call, so delays may occur
                 * between them.  If the time to read them
                 * varies by a large amount, we re-read them.
                 */

                /*
                 * This initial dummy APERF read has been seen to
                 * reduce jitter in the subsequent reads.
                 */

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_APERF, &t->aperf))
                        return -3;

                t->tsc = rdtsc();       /* re-read close to APERF */

                tsc_before = t->tsc;

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_APERF, &t->aperf))
                        return -3;

                tsc_between = rdtsc();

                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_MPERF, &t->mperf))
                        return -4;

                tsc_after = rdtsc();

                aperf_time = tsc_between - tsc_before;
                mperf_time = tsc_after - tsc_between;

                /*
                 * If the system call latency to read APERF and MPERF
                 * differ by more than 2x, then try again.
                 */
                if ((aperf_time > (2 * mperf_time)) || (mperf_time > (2 * aperf_time))) {
                        aperf_mperf_retry_count++;
                        if (aperf_mperf_retry_count < 5)
                                goto retry;
                        else
                                warnx("cpu%d jitter %lld %lld",
                                        cpu, aperf_time, mperf_time);
                }
                aperf_mperf_retry_count = 0;

                t->aperf = t->aperf * aperf_mperf_multiplier;
                t->mperf = t->mperf * aperf_mperf_multiplier;
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
                t->irq_count = irqs_per_cpu[cpu];
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SMI)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_SMI_COUNT, &msr))
                        return -5;
                t->smi_count = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c1) && use_c1_residency_msr) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C1_RES, &t->c1))
                        return -6;
        }

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.tp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &t->counter[i]))
                        return -10;
        }

        /* collect core counters only for 1st thread in core */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
                goto done;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c3)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY, &c->c3))
                        return -6;
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c6) && !do_knl_cstates) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
                        return -7;
        } else if (do_knl_cstates) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_KNL_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
                        return -7;
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_c7))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY, &c->c7))
                        return -8;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Mod_c6))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_MODULE_C6_RES_MS, &c->mc6_us))
                        return -8;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CoreTmp)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -9;
                c->core_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
        }

        if (do_rapl & RAPL_AMD_F17H) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_ENERGY_STAT, &msr))
                        return -14;
                c->core_energy = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.cp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &c->counter[i]))
                        return -10;
        }

        /* collect package counters only for 1st core in package */
        if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
                goto done;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Totl_c0)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_WEIGHTED_CORE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_wtd_core_c0))
                        return -10;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Any_c0)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ANY_CORE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_any_core_c0))
                        return -11;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_c0)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ANY_GFXE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_any_gfxe_c0))
                        return -12;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPUGFX)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_BOTH_CORE_GFXE_C0_RES, &p->pkg_both_core_gfxe_c0))
                        return -13;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc3))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY, &p->pc3))
                        return -9;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc6)) {
                if (do_slm_cstates) {
                        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_ATOM_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
                                return -10;
                } else {
                        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
                                return -10;
                }
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc2))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY, &p->pc2))
                        return -11;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc7))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY, &p->pc7))
                        return -12;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc8))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C8_RESIDENCY, &p->pc8))
                        return -13;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc9))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C9_RESIDENCY, &p->pc9))
                        return -13;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_Pkgpc10))
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C10_RESIDENCY, &p->pc10))
                        return -13;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_LPI))
                p->cpu_lpi = cpuidle_cur_cpu_lpi_us;
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SYS_LPI))
                p->sys_lpi = cpuidle_cur_sys_lpi_us;

        if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -13;
                p->energy_pkg = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_CORES_ENERGY_STATUS) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP0_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -14;
                p->energy_cores = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -15;
                p->energy_dram = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_GFX) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PP1_ENERGY_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -16;
                p->energy_gfx = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_PERF_STATUS) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -16;
                p->rapl_pkg_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_DRAM_PERF_STATUS) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_DRAM_PERF_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -16;
                p->rapl_dram_perf_status = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (do_rapl & RAPL_AMD_F17H) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_ENERGY_STAT, &msr))
                        return -13;
                p->energy_pkg = msr & 0xFFFFFFFF;
        }
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_PkgTmp)) {
                if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_IA32_PACKAGE_THERM_STATUS, &msr))
                        return -17;
                p->pkg_temp_c = tcc_activation_temp - ((msr >> 16) & 0x7F);
        }

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
                p->gfx_rc6_ms = gfx_cur_rc6_ms;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
                p->gfx_mhz = gfx_cur_mhz;

        for (i = 0, mp = sys.pp; mp; i++, mp = mp->next) {
                if (get_mp(cpu, mp, &p->counter[i]))
                        return -10;
        }
done:
        gettimeofday(&t->tv_end, (struct timezone *)NULL);

        return 0;

}

/*
 * MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL decoding for pkg_cstate_limit:
 * If you change the values, note they are used both in comparisons
 * (>= PCL__7) and to index pkg_cstate_limit_strings[].
 */

#define PCLUKN 0 /* Unknown */
#define PCLRSV 1 /* Reserved */
#define PCL__0 2 /* PC0 */
#define PCL__1 3 /* PC1 */
#define PCL__2 4 /* PC2 */
#define PCL__3 5 /* PC3 */
#define PCL__4 6 /* PC4 */
#define PCL__6 7 /* PC6 */
#define PCL_6N 8 /* PC6 No Retention */
#define PCL_6R 9 /* PC6 Retention */
#define PCL__7 10 /* PC7 */
#define PCL_7S 11 /* PC7 Shrink */
#define PCL__8 12 /* PC8 */
#define PCL__9 13 /* PC9 */
#define PCL_10 14 /* PC10 */
#define PCLUNL 15 /* Unlimited */

int pkg_cstate_limit = PCLUKN;
char *pkg_cstate_limit_strings[] = { "reserved", "unknown", "pc0", "pc1", "pc2",
        "pc3", "pc4", "pc6", "pc6n", "pc6r", "pc7", "pc7s", "pc8", "pc9", "pc10", "unlimited"};

int nhm_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int snb_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int hsw_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCL__8, PCL__9, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int slv_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__1, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__4, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7};
int amt_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCLUNL, PCL__1, PCL__2, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int phi_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int glm_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCLUNL, PCL__1, PCL__3, PCL__6, PCL__7, PCL_7S, PCL__8, PCL__9, PCL_10, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};
int skx_pkg_cstate_limits[16] = {PCL__0, PCL__2, PCL_6N, PCL_6R, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLUNL, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV, PCLRSV};


static void
calculate_tsc_tweak()
{
        tsc_tweak = base_hz / tsc_hz;
}

static void
dump_nhm_platform_info(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int ratio;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);

        ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
        fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max efficiency frequency\n",
                ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
        fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz base frequency\n",
                ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x%08llx (C1E auto-promotion: %sabled)\n",
                base_cpu, msr, msr & 0x2 ? "EN" : "DIS");

        return;
}

static void
dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int ratio;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 18 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 17 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
        return;
}

static void
dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int ratio;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);

        ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 16 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 15 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 14 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 13 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 12 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 11 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 10 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 9 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
        return;
}
int has_turbo_ratio_group_limits(int family, int model)
{

        if (!genuine_intel)
                return 0;

        switch (model) {
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT:
        case INTEL_FAM6_SKYLAKE_X:
        case INTEL_FAM6_ATOM_GOLDMONT_X:
                return 1;
        }
        return 0;
}

static void
dump_turbo_ratio_limits(int family, int model)
{
        unsigned long long msr, core_counts;
        unsigned int ratio, group_size;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr);

        if (has_turbo_ratio_group_limits(family, model)) {
                get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &core_counts);
                fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, core_counts);
        } else {
                core_counts = 0x0807060504030201;
        }

        ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 56) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 48) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 40) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 32) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 24) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 16) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 8) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
        group_size = (core_counts >> 0) & 0xFF;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk, group_size);
        return;
}

static void
dump_atom_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;
        unsigned int ratio;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_ATOM_CORE_RATIOS, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_ATOM_CORE_RATIOS: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr & 0xFFFFFFFF);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz minimum operating frequency\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz low frequency mode (LFM)\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz base frequency\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_ATOM_CORE_TURBO_RATIOS, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_ATOM_CORE_TURBO_RATIOS: 0x%08llx\n", base_cpu, msr & 0xFFFFFFFF);

        ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 4 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 3 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 2 active cores\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

        ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0x3F;
        if (ratio)
                fprintf(outf, "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo 1 active core\n",
                        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
}

static void
dump_knl_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
{
        const unsigned int buckets_no = 7;

        unsigned long long msr;
        int delta_cores, delta_ratio;
        int i, b_nr;
        unsigned int cores[buckets_no];
        unsigned int ratio[buckets_no];

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n",
                base_cpu, msr);

        /**
         * Turbo encoding in KNL is as follows:
         * [0] -- Reserved
         * [7:1] -- Base value of number of active cores of bucket 1.
         * [15:8] -- Base value of freq ratio of bucket 1.
         * [20:16] -- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 2.
         * i.e. active cores of bucket 2 =
         * active cores of bucket 1 + delta
         * [23:21] -- Negative delta of freq ratio of bucket 2.
         * i.e. freq ratio of bucket 2 =
         * freq ratio of bucket 1 - delta
         * [28:24]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 3.
         * [31:29]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 3.
         * [36:32]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 4.
         * [39:37]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 4.
         * [44:40]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 5.
         * [47:45]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 5.
         * [52:48]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 6.
         * [55:53]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 6.
         * [60:56]-- +ve delta of number of active cores of bucket 7.
         * [63:61]-- -ve delta of freq ratio of bucket 7.
         */

        b_nr = 0;
        cores[b_nr] = (msr & 0xFF) >> 1;
        ratio[b_nr] = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;

        for (i = 16; i < 64; i += 8) {
                delta_cores = (msr >> i) & 0x1F;
                delta_ratio = (msr >> (i + 5)) & 0x7;

                cores[b_nr + 1] = cores[b_nr] + delta_cores;
                ratio[b_nr + 1] = ratio[b_nr] - delta_ratio;
                b_nr++;
        }

        for (i = buckets_no - 1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (i > 0 ? ratio[i] != ratio[i - 1] : 1)
                        fprintf(outf,
                                "%d * %.1f = %.1f MHz max turbo %d active cores\n",
                                ratio[i], bclk, ratio[i] * bclk, cores[i]);
}

static void
dump_nhm_cst_cfg(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL, &msr);

        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKG_CST_CONFIG_CONTROL: 0x%08llx", base_cpu, msr);

        fprintf(outf, " (%s%s%s%s%slocked, pkg-cstate-limit=%d (%s)",
                (msr & SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C3, " : "",
                (msr & SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE) ? "UNdemote-C1, " : "",
                (msr & NHM_C3_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C3, " : "",
                (msr & NHM_C1_AUTO_DEMOTE) ? "demote-C1, " : "",
                (msr & (1 << 15)) ? "" : "UN",
                (unsigned int)msr & 0xF,
                pkg_cstate_limit_strings[pkg_cstate_limit]);

#define AUTOMATIC_CSTATE_CONVERSION             (1UL << 16)
        if (has_automatic_cstate_conversion) {
                fprintf(outf, ", automatic c-state conversion=%s",
                        (msr & AUTOMATIC_CSTATE_CONVERSION) ? "on" : "off");
        }

        fprintf(outf, ")\n");

        return;
}

static void
dump_config_tdp(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_NOMINAL: 0x%08llx", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, " (base_ratio=%d)\n", (unsigned int)msr & 0xFF);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_1: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        if (msr) {
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_MIN_PWR_LVL1=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 48) & 0x7FFF);
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_MAX_PWR_LVL1=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF);
                fprintf(outf, "LVL1_RATIO=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 16) & 0xFF);
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_TDP_LVL1=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x7FFF);
        }
        fprintf(outf, ")\n");

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_LEVEL_2: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        if (msr) {
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_MIN_PWR_LVL2=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 48) & 0x7FFF);
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_MAX_PWR_LVL2=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 32) & 0x7FFF);
                fprintf(outf, "LVL2_RATIO=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr >> 16) & 0xFF);
                fprintf(outf, "PKG_TDP_LVL2=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x7FFF);
        }
        fprintf(outf, ")\n");

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_CONFIG_TDP_CONTROL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        if ((msr) & 0x3)
                fprintf(outf, "TDP_LEVEL=%d ", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0x3);
        fprintf(outf, " lock=%d", (unsigned int)(msr >> 31) & 1);
        fprintf(outf, ")\n");

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_TURBO_ACTIVATION_RATIO: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "MAX_NON_TURBO_RATIO=%d", (unsigned int)(msr) & 0xFF);
        fprintf(outf, " lock=%d", (unsigned int)(msr >> 31) & 1);
        fprintf(outf, ")\n");
}

unsigned int irtl_time_units[] = {1, 32, 1024, 32768, 1048576, 33554432, 0, 0 };

void print_irtl(void)
{
        unsigned long long msr;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC3_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC3_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC6_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC6_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC7_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC7_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        if (!do_irtl_hsw)
                return;

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC8_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC8_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC9_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC9_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

        get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKGC10_IRTL, &msr);
        fprintf(outf, "cpu%d: MSR_PKGC10_IRTL: 0x%08llx (", base_cpu, msr);
        fprintf(outf, "%svalid, %lld ns)\n", msr & (1 << 15) ? "" : "NOT",
                (msr & 0x3FF) * irtl_time_units[(msr >> 10) & 0x3]);

}
void free_fd_percpu(void)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < topo.max_cpu_num + 1; ++i) {
                if (fd_percpu[i] != 0)
                        close(fd_percpu[i]);
        }

        free(fd_percpu);
}

void free_all_buffers(void)
{
        int i;

        CPU_FREE(cpu_present_set);
        cpu_present_set = NULL;
        cpu_present_setsize = 0;

        CPU_FREE(cpu_affinity_set);
        cpu_affinity_set = NULL;
        cpu_affinity_setsize = 0;

        free(thread_even);
        free(core_even);
        free(package_even);

        thread_even = NULL;
        core_even = NULL;
        package_even = NULL;

        free(thread_odd);
        free(core_odd);
        free(package_odd);

        thread_odd = NULL;
        core_odd = NULL;
        package_odd = NULL;

        free(output_buffer);
        output_buffer = NULL;
        outp = NULL;

        free_fd_percpu();

        free(irq_column_2_cpu);
        free(irqs_per_cpu);

        for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++i) {
                if (cpus[i].put_ids)
                        CPU_FREE(cpus[i].put_ids);
        }
        free(cpus);
}


/*
 * Parse a file containing a single int.
 * Return 0 if file can not be opened
 * Exit if file can be opened, but can not be parsed
 */
int parse_int_file(const char *fmt, ...)
{
        va_list args;
        char path[PATH_MAX];
        FILE *filep;
        int value;

        va_start(args, fmt);
        vsnprintf(path, sizeof(path), fmt, args);
        va_end(args);
        filep = fopen(path, "r");
        if (!filep)
                return 0;
        if (fscanf(filep, "%d", &value) != 1)
                err(1, "%s: failed to parse number from file", path);
        fclose(filep);
        return value;
}

/*
 * cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu)
 * return 1 if given CPU is 1st core in package
 */
int cpu_is_first_core_in_package(int cpu)
{
        return cpu == parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_siblings_list", cpu);
}

int get_physical_package_id(int cpu)
{
        return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id", cpu);
}

int get_die_id(int cpu)
{
        return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/die_id", cpu);
}

int get_core_id(int cpu)
{
        return parse_int_file("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_id", cpu);
}

void set_node_data(void)
{
        int pkg, node, lnode, cpu, cpux;
        int cpu_count;

        /* initialize logical_node_id */
        for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu)
                cpus[cpu].logical_node_id = -1;

        cpu_count = 0;
        for (pkg = 0; pkg < topo.num_packages; pkg++) {
                lnode = 0;
                for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu) {
                        if (cpus[cpu].physical_package_id != pkg)
                                continue;
                        /* find a cpu with an unset logical_node_id */
                        if (cpus[cpu].logical_node_id != -1)
                                continue;
                        cpus[cpu].logical_node_id = lnode;
                        node = cpus[cpu].physical_node_id;
                        cpu_count++;
                        /*
                         * find all matching cpus on this pkg and set
                         * the logical_node_id
                         */
                        for (cpux = cpu; cpux <= topo.max_cpu_num; cpux++) {
                                if ((cpus[cpux].physical_package_id == pkg) &&
                                   (cpus[cpux].physical_node_id == node)) {
                                        cpus[cpux].logical_node_id = lnode;
                                        cpu_count++;
                                }
                        }
                        lnode++;
                        if (lnode > topo.nodes_per_pkg)
                                topo.nodes_per_pkg = lnode;
                }
                if (cpu_count >= topo.max_cpu_num)
                        break;
        }
}

int get_physical_node_id(struct cpu_topology *thiscpu)
{
        char path[80];
        FILE *filep;
        int i;
        int cpu = thiscpu->logical_cpu_id;

        for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; i++) {
                sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/node%i/cpulist",
                        cpu, i);
                filep = fopen(path, "r");
                if (!filep)
                        continue;
                fclose(filep);
                return i;
        }
        return -1;
}

int get_thread_siblings(struct cpu_topology *thiscpu)
{
        char path[80], character;
        FILE *filep;
        unsigned long map;
        int so, shift, sib_core;
        int cpu = thiscpu->logical_cpu_id;
        int offset = topo.max_cpu_num + 1;
        size_t size;
        int thread_id = 0;

        thiscpu->put_ids = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
        if (thiscpu->thread_id < 0)
                thiscpu->thread_id = thread_id++;
        if (!thiscpu->put_ids)
                return -1;

        size = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
        CPU_ZERO_S(size, thiscpu->put_ids);

        sprintf(path,
                "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings", cpu);
        filep = fopen_or_die(path, "r");
        do {
                offset -= BITMASK_SIZE;
                if (fscanf(filep, "%lx%c", &map, &character) != 2)
                        err(1, "%s: failed to parse file", path);
                for (shift = 0; shift < BITMASK_SIZE; shift++) {
                        if ((map >> shift) & 0x1) {
                                so = shift + offset;
                                sib_core = get_core_id(so);
                                if (sib_core == thiscpu->physical_core_id) {
                                        CPU_SET_S(so, size, thiscpu->put_ids);
                                        if ((so != cpu) &&
                                            (cpus[so].thread_id < 0))
                                                cpus[so].thread_id =
                                                                    thread_id++;
                                }
                        }
                }
        } while (!strncmp(&character, ",", 1));
        fclose(filep);

        return CPU_COUNT_S(size, thiscpu->put_ids);
}

/*
 * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
 * skip non-present cpus
 */

int for_all_cpus_2(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
        struct pkg_data *, struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
        struct pkg_data *), struct thread_data *thread_base,
        struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base,
        struct thread_data *thread_base2, struct core_data *core_base2,
        struct pkg_data *pkg_base2)
{
        int retval, pkg_no, node_no, core_no, thread_no;

        for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
                for (node_no = 0; node_no < topo.nodes_per_pkg; ++node_no) {
                        for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.cores_per_node;
                             ++core_no) {
                                for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
                                        topo.threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
                                        struct thread_data *t, *t2;
                                        struct core_data *c, *c2;
                                        struct pkg_data *p, *p2;

                                        t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no,
                                                       core_no, node_no,
                                                       pkg_no);

                                        if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
                                                continue;

                                        t2 = GET_THREAD(thread_base2, thread_no,
                                                        core_no, node_no,
                                                        pkg_no);

                                        c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no,
                                                     node_no, pkg_no);
                                        c2 = GET_CORE(core_base2, core_no,
                                                      node_no,
                                                      pkg_no);

                                        p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
                                        p2 = GET_PKG(pkg_base2, pkg_no);

                                        retval = func(t, c, p, t2, c2, p2);
                                        if (retval)
                                                return retval;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * run func(cpu) on every cpu in /proc/stat
 * return max_cpu number
 */
int for_all_proc_cpus(int (func)(int))
{
        FILE *fp;
        int cpu_num;
        int retval;

        fp = fopen_or_die(proc_stat, "r");

        retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n");
        if (retval != 0)
                err(1, "%s: failed to parse format", proc_stat);

        while (1) {
                retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu%u %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n", &cpu_num);
                if (retval != 1)
                        break;

                retval = func(cpu_num);
                if (retval) {
                        fclose(fp);
                        return(retval);
                }
        }
        fclose(fp);
        return 0;
}

void re_initialize(void)
{
        free_all_buffers();
        setup_all_buffers();
        printf("turbostat: re-initialized with num_cpus %d\n", topo.num_cpus);
}

void set_max_cpu_num(void)
{
        FILE *filep;
        unsigned long dummy;

        topo.max_cpu_num = 0;
        filep = fopen_or_die(
                        "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/topology/thread_siblings",
                        "r");
        while (fscanf(filep, "%lx,", &dummy) == 1)
                topo.max_cpu_num += BITMASK_SIZE;
        fclose(filep);
        topo.max_cpu_num--; /* 0 based */
}

/*
 * count_cpus()
 * remember the last one seen, it will be the max
 */
int count_cpus(int cpu)
{
        topo.num_cpus++;
        return 0;
}
int mark_cpu_present(int cpu)
{
        CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
        return 0;
}

int init_thread_id(int cpu)
{
        cpus[cpu].thread_id = -1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * snapshot_proc_interrupts()
 *
 * read and record summary of /proc/interrupts
 *
 * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_proc_interrupts(void)
{
        static FILE *fp;
        int column, retval;

        if (fp == NULL)
                fp = fopen_or_die("/proc/interrupts", "r");
        else
                rewind(fp);

        /* read 1st line of /proc/interrupts to get cpu* name for each column */
        for (column = 0; column < topo.num_cpus; ++column) {
                int cpu_number;

                retval = fscanf(fp, " CPU%d", &cpu_number);
                if (retval != 1)
                        break;

                if (cpu_number > topo.max_cpu_num) {
                        warn("/proc/interrupts: cpu%d: > %d", cpu_number, topo.max_cpu_num);
                        return 1;
                }

                irq_column_2_cpu[column] = cpu_number;
                irqs_per_cpu[cpu_number] = 0;
        }

        /* read /proc/interrupt count lines and sum up irqs per cpu */
        while (1) {
                int column;
                char buf[64];

                retval = fscanf(fp, " %s:", buf);       /* flush irq# "N:" */
                if (retval != 1)
                        break;

                /* read the count per cpu */
                for (column = 0; column < topo.num_cpus; ++column) {

                        int cpu_number, irq_count;

                        retval = fscanf(fp, " %d", &irq_count);
                        if (retval != 1)
                                break;

                        cpu_number = irq_column_2_cpu[column];
                        irqs_per_cpu[cpu_number] += irq_count;

                }

                while (getc(fp) != '\n')
                        ;       /* flush interrupt description */

        }
        return 0;
}
/*
 * snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms()
 *
 * record snapshot of
 * /sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms
 *
 * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms(void)
{
        FILE *fp;
        int retval;

        fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/class/drm/card0/power/rc6_residency_ms", "r");

        retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &gfx_cur_rc6_ms);
        if (retval != 1)
                err(1, "GFX rc6");

        fclose(fp);

        return 0;
}
/*
 * snapshot_gfx_mhz()
 *
 * record snapshot of
 * /sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz
 *
 * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_gfx_mhz(void)
{
        static FILE *fp;
        int retval;

        if (fp == NULL)
                fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/class/graphics/fb0/device/drm/card0/gt_cur_freq_mhz", "r");
        else {
                rewind(fp);
                fflush(fp);
        }

        retval = fscanf(fp, "%d", &gfx_cur_mhz);
        if (retval != 1)
                err(1, "GFX MHz");

        return 0;
}

/*
 * snapshot_cpu_lpi()
 *
 * record snapshot of
 * /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/low_power_idle_cpu_residency_us
 *
 * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_cpu_lpi_us(void)
{
        FILE *fp;
        int retval;

        fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/low_power_idle_cpu_residency_us", "r");

        retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &cpuidle_cur_cpu_lpi_us);
        if (retval != 1) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Disabling Low Power Idle CPU output\n");
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_CPU_LPI);
                return -1;
        }

        fclose(fp);

        return 0;
}
/*
 * snapshot_sys_lpi()
 *
 * record snapshot of
 * /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/low_power_idle_system_residency_us
 *
 * return 1 if config change requires a restart, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_sys_lpi_us(void)
{
        FILE *fp;
        int retval;

        fp = fopen_or_die("/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/low_power_idle_system_residency_us", "r");

        retval = fscanf(fp, "%lld", &cpuidle_cur_sys_lpi_us);
        if (retval != 1) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Disabling Low Power Idle System output\n");
                BIC_NOT_PRESENT(BIC_SYS_LPI);
                return -1;
        }
        fclose(fp);

        return 0;
}
/*
 * snapshot /proc and /sys files
 *
 * return 1 if configuration restart needed, else return 0
 */
int snapshot_proc_sysfs_files(void)
{
        if (DO_BIC(BIC_IRQ))
                if (snapshot_proc_interrupts())
                        return 1;

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFX_rc6))
                snapshot_gfx_rc6_ms();

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_GFXMHz))
                snapshot_gfx_mhz();

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_CPU_LPI))
                snapshot_cpu_lpi_us();

        if (DO_BIC(BIC_SYS_LPI))
                snapshot_sys_lpi_us();

        return 0;
}

int exit_requested;

static void signal_handler (int signal)
{
        switch (signal) {
        case SIGINT:
                exit_requested = 1;
                if (debug)
                        fprintf(stderr, " SIGINT\n");
                break;
        case SIGUSR1:
                if (debug > 1)
                        fprintf(stderr, "SIGUSR1\n");
                break;
        }
        /* make sure this manually-invoked interval is at least 1ms long */
        nanosleep(&one_msec, NULL);
}

void setup_signal_handler(void)
{
        struct sigaction sa;

        memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));

        sa.sa_handler = &signal_handler;

        if (sigaction(SIGINT, &sa, NULL) < 0)