// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
/*
 * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
 * Copyright (c) Nokia Corporation, 2006, 2007
 *
 * Author: Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём)
 */

/*
 * UBI input/output sub-system.
 *
 * This sub-system provides a uniform way to work with all kinds of the
 * underlying MTD devices. It also implements handy functions for reading and
 * writing UBI headers.
 *
 * We are trying to have a paranoid mindset and not to trust to what we read
 * from the flash media in order to be more secure and robust. So this
 * sub-system validates every single header it reads from the flash media.
 *
 * Some words about how the eraseblock headers are stored.
 *
 * The erase counter header is always stored at offset zero. By default, the
 * VID header is stored after the EC header at the closest aligned offset
 * (i.e. aligned to the minimum I/O unit size). Data starts next to the VID
 * header at the closest aligned offset. But this default layout may be
 * changed. For example, for different reasons (e.g., optimization) UBI may be
 * asked to put the VID header at further offset, and even at an unaligned
 * offset. Of course, if the offset of the VID header is unaligned, UBI adds
 * proper padding in front of it. Data offset may also be changed but it has to
 * be aligned.
 *
 * About minimal I/O units. In general, UBI assumes flash device model where
 * there is only one minimal I/O unit size. E.g., in case of NOR flash it is 1,
 * in case of NAND flash it is a NAND page, etc. This is reported by MTD in the
 * @ubi->mtd->writesize field. But as an exception, UBI admits use of another
 * (smaller) minimal I/O unit size for EC and VID headers to make it possible
 * to do different optimizations.
 *
 * This is extremely useful in case of NAND flashes which admit of several
 * write operations to one NAND page. In this case UBI can fit EC and VID
 * headers at one NAND page. Thus, UBI may use "sub-page" size as the minimal
 * I/O unit for the headers (the @ubi->hdrs_min_io_size field). But it still
 * reports NAND page size (@ubi->min_io_size) as a minimal I/O unit for the UBI
 * users.
 *
 * Example: some Samsung NANDs with 2KiB pages allow 4x 512-byte writes, so
 * although the minimal I/O unit is 2K, UBI uses 512 bytes for EC and VID
 * headers.
 *
 * Q: why not just to treat sub-page as a minimal I/O unit of this flash
 * device, e.g., make @ubi->min_io_size = 512 in the example above?
 *
 * A: because when writing a sub-page, MTD still writes a full 2K page but the
 * bytes which are not relevant to the sub-page are 0xFF. So, basically,
 * writing 4x512 sub-pages is 4 times slower than writing one 2KiB NAND page.
 * Thus, we prefer to use sub-pages only for EC and VID headers.
 *
 * As it was noted above, the VID header may start at a non-aligned offset.
 * For example, in case of a 2KiB page NAND flash with a 512 bytes sub-page,
 * the VID header may reside at offset 1984 which is the last 64 bytes of the
 * last sub-page (EC header is always at offset zero). This causes some
 * difficulties when reading and writing VID headers.
 *
 * Suppose we have a 64-byte buffer and we read a VID header at it. We change
 * the data and want to write this VID header out. As we can only write in
 * 512-byte chunks, we have to allocate one more buffer and copy our VID header
 * to offset 448 of this buffer.
 *
 * The I/O sub-system does the following trick in order to avoid this extra
 * copy. It always allocates a @ubi->vid_hdr_alsize bytes buffer for the VID
 * header and returns a pointer to offset @ubi->vid_hdr_shift of this buffer.
 * When the VID header is being written out, it shifts the VID header pointer
 * back and writes the whole sub-page.
 */

#include <linux/crc32.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include "ubi.h"

static int self_check_not_bad(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum);
static int self_check_peb_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum);
static int self_check_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
                             const struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr);
static int self_check_peb_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum);
static int self_check_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
                              const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr);
static int self_check_write(struct ubi_device *ubi, const void *buf, int pnum,
                            int offset, int len);

/**
 * ubi_io_read - read data from a physical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @buf: buffer where to store the read data
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to read from
 * @offset: offset within the physical eraseblock from where to read
 * @len: how many bytes to read
 *
 * This function reads data from offset @offset of physical eraseblock @pnum
 * and stores the read data in the @buf buffer. The following return codes are
 * possible:
 *
 * o %0 if all the requested data were successfully read;
 * o %UBI_IO_BITFLIPS if all the requested data were successfully read, but
 *   correctable bit-flips were detected; this is harmless but may indicate
 *   that this eraseblock may become bad soon (but do not have to);
 * o %-EBADMSG if the MTD subsystem reported about data integrity problems, for
 *   example it can be an ECC error in case of NAND; this most probably means
 *   that the data is corrupted;
 * o %-EIO if some I/O error occurred;
 * o other negative error codes in case of other errors.
 */
int ubi_io_read(const struct ubi_device *ubi, void *buf, int pnum, int offset,
                int len)
{
        int err, retries = 0;
        size_t read;
        loff_t addr;

        dbg_io("read %d bytes from PEB %d:%d", len, pnum, offset);

        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
        ubi_assert(offset >= 0 && offset + len <= ubi->peb_size);
        ubi_assert(len > 0);

        err = self_check_not_bad(ubi, pnum);
        if (err)
                return err;

        /*
         * Deliberately corrupt the buffer to improve robustness. Indeed, if we
         * do not do this, the following may happen:
         * 1. The buffer contains data from previous operation, e.g., read from
         *    another PEB previously. The data looks like expected, e.g., if we
         *    just do not read anything and return - the caller would not
         *    notice this. E.g., if we are reading a VID header, the buffer may
         *    contain a valid VID header from another PEB.
         * 2. The driver is buggy and returns us success or -EBADMSG or
         *    -EUCLEAN, but it does not actually put any data to the buffer.
         *
         * This may confuse UBI or upper layers - they may think the buffer
         * contains valid data while in fact it is just old data. This is
         * especially possible because UBI (and UBIFS) relies on CRC, and
         * treats data as correct even in case of ECC errors if the CRC is
         * correct.
         *
         * Try to prevent this situation by changing the first byte of the
         * buffer.
         */
        *((uint8_t *)buf) ^= 0xFF;

        addr = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size + offset;
retry:
        err = mtd_read(ubi->mtd, addr, len, &read, buf);
        if (err) {
                const char *errstr = mtd_is_eccerr(err) ? " (ECC error)" : "";

                if (mtd_is_bitflip(err)) {
                        /*
                         * -EUCLEAN is reported if there was a bit-flip which
                         * was corrected, so this is harmless.
                         *
                         * We do not report about it here unless debugging is
                         * enabled. A corresponding message will be printed
                         * later, when it is has been scrubbed.
                         */
                        ubi_msg(ubi, "fixable bit-flip detected at PEB %d",
                                pnum);
                        ubi_assert(len == read);
                        return UBI_IO_BITFLIPS;
                }

                if (retries++ < UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
                        ubi_warn(ubi, "error %d%s while reading %d bytes from PEB %d:%d, read only %zd bytes, retry",
                                 err, errstr, len, pnum, offset, read);
                        yield();
                        goto retry;
                }

                ubi_err(ubi, "error %d%s while reading %d bytes from PEB %d:%d, read %zd bytes",
                        err, errstr, len, pnum, offset, read);
                dump_stack();

                /*
                 * The driver should never return -EBADMSG if it failed to read
                 * all the requested data. But some buggy drivers might do
                 * this, so we change it to -EIO.
                 */
                if (read != len && mtd_is_eccerr(err)) {
                        ubi_assert(0);
                        err = -EIO;
                }
        } else {
                ubi_assert(len == read);

                if (ubi_dbg_is_bitflip(ubi)) {
                        dbg_gen("bit-flip (emulated)");
                        err = UBI_IO_BITFLIPS;
                }
        }

        return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_io_write - write data to a physical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @buf: buffer with the data to write
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to write to
 * @offset: offset within the physical eraseblock where to write
 * @len: how many bytes to write
 *
 * This function writes @len bytes of data from buffer @buf to offset @offset
 * of physical eraseblock @pnum. If all the data were successfully written,
 * zero is returned. If an error occurred, this function returns a negative
 * error code. If %-EIO is returned, the physical eraseblock most probably went
 * bad.
 *
 * Note, in case of an error, it is possible that something was still written
 * to the flash media, but may be some garbage.
 */
int ubi_io_write(struct ubi_device *ubi, const void *buf, int pnum, int offset,
                 int len)
{
        int err;
        size_t written;
        loff_t addr;

        dbg_io("write %d bytes to PEB %d:%d", len, pnum, offset);

        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);
        ubi_assert(offset >= 0 && offset + len <= ubi->peb_size);
        ubi_assert(offset % ubi->hdrs_min_io_size == 0);
        ubi_assert(len > 0 && len % ubi->hdrs_min_io_size == 0);

        if (ubi->ro_mode) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "read-only mode");
                return -EROFS;
        }

        err = self_check_not_bad(ubi, pnum);
        if (err)
                return err;

        /* The area we are writing to has to contain all 0xFF bytes */
        err = ubi_self_check_all_ff(ubi, pnum, offset, len);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (offset >= ubi->leb_start) {
                /*
                 * We write to the data area of the physical eraseblock. Make
                 * sure it has valid EC and VID headers.
                 */
                err = self_check_peb_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum);
                if (err)
                        return err;
                err = self_check_peb_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum);
                if (err)
                        return err;
        }

        if (ubi_dbg_is_write_failure(ubi)) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "cannot write %d bytes to PEB %d:%d (emulated)",
                        len, pnum, offset);
                dump_stack();
                return -EIO;
        }

        addr = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size + offset;
        err = mtd_write(ubi->mtd, addr, len, &written, buf);
        if (err) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "error %d while writing %d bytes to PEB %d:%d, written %zd bytes",
                        err, len, pnum, offset, written);
                dump_stack();
                ubi_dump_flash(ubi, pnum, offset, len);
        } else
                ubi_assert(written == len);

        if (!err) {
                err = self_check_write(ubi, buf, pnum, offset, len);
                if (err)
                        return err;

                /*
                 * Since we always write sequentially, the rest of the PEB has
                 * to contain only 0xFF bytes.
                 */
                offset += len;
                len = ubi->peb_size - offset;
                if (len)
                        err = ubi_self_check_all_ff(ubi, pnum, offset, len);
        }

        return err;
}

/**
 * do_sync_erase - synchronously erase a physical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to erase
 *
 * This function synchronously erases physical eraseblock @pnum and returns
 * zero in case of success and a negative error code in case of failure. If
 * %-EIO is returned, the physical eraseblock most probably went bad.
 */
static int do_sync_erase(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        int err, retries = 0;
        struct erase_info ei;

        dbg_io("erase PEB %d", pnum);
        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);

        if (ubi->ro_mode) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "read-only mode");
                return -EROFS;
        }

retry:
        memset(&ei, 0, sizeof(struct erase_info));

        ei.addr     = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size;
        ei.len      = ubi->peb_size;

        err = mtd_erase(ubi->mtd, &ei);
        if (err) {
                if (retries++ < UBI_IO_RETRIES) {
                        ubi_warn(ubi, "error %d while erasing PEB %d, retry",
                                 err, pnum);
                        yield();
                        goto retry;
                }
                ubi_err(ubi, "cannot erase PEB %d, error %d", pnum, err);
                dump_stack();
                return err;
        }

        err = ubi_self_check_all_ff(ubi, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (ubi_dbg_is_erase_failure(ubi)) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "cannot erase PEB %d (emulated)", pnum);
                return -EIO;
        }

        return 0;
}

/* Patterns to write to a physical eraseblock when torturing it */
static uint8_t patterns[] = {0xa5, 0x5a, 0x0};

/**
 * torture_peb - test a supposedly bad physical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to test
 *
 * This function returns %-EIO if the physical eraseblock did not pass the
 * test, a positive number of erase operations done if the test was
 * successfully passed, and other negative error codes in case of other errors.
 */
static int torture_peb(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        int err, i, patt_count;

        ubi_msg(ubi, "run torture test for PEB %d", pnum);
        patt_count = ARRAY_SIZE(patterns);
        ubi_assert(patt_count > 0);

        mutex_lock(&ubi->buf_mutex);
        for (i = 0; i < patt_count; i++) {
                err = do_sync_erase(ubi, pnum);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /* Make sure the PEB contains only 0xFF bytes */
                err = ubi_io_read(ubi, ubi->peb_buf, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                err = ubi_check_pattern(ubi->peb_buf, 0xFF, ubi->peb_size);
                if (err == 0) {
                        ubi_err(ubi, "erased PEB %d, but a non-0xFF byte found",
                                pnum);
                        err = -EIO;
                        goto out;
                }

                /* Write a pattern and check it */
                memset(ubi->peb_buf, patterns[i], ubi->peb_size);
                err = ubi_io_write(ubi, ubi->peb_buf, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                memset(ubi->peb_buf, ~patterns[i], ubi->peb_size);
                err = ubi_io_read(ubi, ubi->peb_buf, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                err = ubi_check_pattern(ubi->peb_buf, patterns[i],
                                        ubi->peb_size);
                if (err == 0) {
                        ubi_err(ubi, "pattern %x checking failed for PEB %d",
                                patterns[i], pnum);
                        err = -EIO;
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        err = patt_count;
        ubi_msg(ubi, "PEB %d passed torture test, do not mark it as bad", pnum);

out:
        mutex_unlock(&ubi->buf_mutex);
        if (err == UBI_IO_BITFLIPS || mtd_is_eccerr(err)) {
                /*
                 * If a bit-flip or data integrity error was detected, the test
                 * has not passed because it happened on a freshly erased
                 * physical eraseblock which means something is wrong with it.
                 */
                ubi_err(ubi, "read problems on freshly erased PEB %d, must be bad",
                        pnum);
                err = -EIO;
        }
        return err;
}

/**
 * nor_erase_prepare - prepare a NOR flash PEB for erasure.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to prepare
 *
 * NOR flash, or at least some of them, have peculiar embedded PEB erasure
 * algorithm: the PEB is first filled with zeroes, then it is erased. And
 * filling with zeroes starts from the end of the PEB. This was observed with
 * Spansion S29GL512N NOR flash.
 *
 * This means that in case of a power cut we may end up with intact data at the
 * beginning of the PEB, and all zeroes at the end of PEB. In other words, the
 * EC and VID headers are OK, but a large chunk of data at the end of PEB is
 * zeroed. This makes UBI mistakenly treat this PEB as used and associate it
 * with an LEB, which leads to subsequent failures (e.g., UBIFS fails).
 *
 * This function is called before erasing NOR PEBs and it zeroes out EC and VID
 * magic numbers in order to invalidate them and prevent the failures. Returns
 * zero in case of success and a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
static int nor_erase_prepare(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        int err;
        size_t written;
        loff_t addr;
        uint32_t data = 0;
        struct ubi_ec_hdr ec_hdr;
        struct ubi_vid_io_buf vidb;

        /*
         * Note, we cannot generally define VID header buffers on stack,
         * because of the way we deal with these buffers (see the header
         * comment in this file). But we know this is a NOR-specific piece of
         * code, so we can do this. But yes, this is error-prone and we should
         * (pre-)allocate VID header buffer instead.
         */
        struct ubi_vid_hdr vid_hdr;

        /*
         * If VID or EC is valid, we have to corrupt them before erasing.
         * It is important to first invalidate the EC header, and then the VID
         * header. Otherwise a power cut may lead to valid EC header and
         * invalid VID header, in which case UBI will treat this PEB as
         * corrupted and will try to preserve it, and print scary warnings.
         */
        addr = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size;
        err = ubi_io_read_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum, &ec_hdr, 0);
        if (err != UBI_IO_BAD_HDR_EBADMSG && err != UBI_IO_BAD_HDR &&
            err != UBI_IO_FF){
                err = mtd_write(ubi->mtd, addr, 4, &written, (void *)&data);
                if(err)
                        goto error;
        }

        ubi_init_vid_buf(ubi, &vidb, &vid_hdr);
        ubi_assert(&vid_hdr == ubi_get_vid_hdr(&vidb));

        err = ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, &vidb, 0);
        if (err != UBI_IO_BAD_HDR_EBADMSG && err != UBI_IO_BAD_HDR &&
            err != UBI_IO_FF){
                addr += ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset;
                err = mtd_write(ubi->mtd, addr, 4, &written, (void *)&data);
                if (err)
                        goto error;
        }
        return 0;

error:
        /*
         * The PEB contains a valid VID or EC header, but we cannot invalidate
         * it. Supposedly the flash media or the driver is screwed up, so
         * return an error.
         */
        ubi_err(ubi, "cannot invalidate PEB %d, write returned %d", pnum, err);
        ubi_dump_flash(ubi, pnum, 0, ubi->peb_size);
        return -EIO;
}

/**
 * ubi_io_sync_erase - synchronously erase a physical eraseblock.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to erase
 * @torture: if this physical eraseblock has to be tortured
 *
 * This function synchronously erases physical eraseblock @pnum. If @torture
 * flag is not zero, the physical eraseblock is checked by means of writing
 * different patterns to it and reading them back. If the torturing is enabled,
 * the physical eraseblock is erased more than once.
 *
 * This function returns the number of erasures made in case of success, %-EIO
 * if the erasure failed or the torturing test failed, and other negative error
 * codes in case of other errors. Note, %-EIO means that the physical
 * eraseblock is bad.
 */
int ubi_io_sync_erase(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int torture)
{
        int err, ret = 0;

        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);

        err = self_check_not_bad(ubi, pnum);
        if (err != 0)
                return err;

        if (ubi->ro_mode) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "read-only mode");
                return -EROFS;
        }

        if (ubi->nor_flash) {
                err = nor_erase_prepare(ubi, pnum);
                if (err)
                        return err;
        }

        if (torture) {
                ret = torture_peb(ubi, pnum);
                if (ret < 0)
                        return ret;
        }

        err = do_sync_erase(ubi, pnum);
        if (err)
                return err;

        return ret + 1;
}

/**
 * ubi_io_is_bad - check if a physical eraseblock is bad.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
 *
 * This function returns a positive number if the physical eraseblock is bad,
 * zero if not, and a negative error code if an error occurred.
 */
int ubi_io_is_bad(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        struct mtd_info *mtd = ubi->mtd;

        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);

        if (ubi->bad_allowed) {
                int ret;

                ret = mtd_block_isbad(mtd, (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size);
                if (ret < 0)
                        ubi_err(ubi, "error %d while checking if PEB %d is bad",
                                ret, pnum);
                else if (ret)
                        dbg_io("PEB %d is bad", pnum);
                return ret;
        }

        return 0;
}

/**
 * ubi_io_mark_bad - mark a physical eraseblock as bad.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to mark
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure.
 */
int ubi_io_mark_bad(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        int err;
        struct mtd_info *mtd = ubi->mtd;

        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);

        if (ubi->ro_mode) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "read-only mode");
                return -EROFS;
        }

        if (!ubi->bad_allowed)
                return 0;

        err = mtd_block_markbad(mtd, (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size);
        if (err)
                ubi_err(ubi, "cannot mark PEB %d bad, error %d", pnum, err);
        return err;
}

/**
 * validate_ec_hdr - validate an erase counter header.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @ec_hdr: the erase counter header to check
 *
 * This function returns zero if the erase counter header is OK, and %1 if
 * not.
 */
static int validate_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi,
                           const struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr)
{
        long long ec;
        int vid_hdr_offset, leb_start;

        ec = be64_to_cpu(ec_hdr->ec);
        vid_hdr_offset = be32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->vid_hdr_offset);
        leb_start = be32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->data_offset);

        if (ec_hdr->version != UBI_VERSION) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "node with incompatible UBI version found: this UBI version is %d, image version is %d",
                        UBI_VERSION, (int)ec_hdr->version);
                goto bad;
        }

        if (vid_hdr_offset != ubi->vid_hdr_offset) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad VID header offset %d, expected %d",
                        vid_hdr_offset, ubi->vid_hdr_offset);
                goto bad;
        }

        if (leb_start != ubi->leb_start) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad data offset %d, expected %d",
                        leb_start, ubi->leb_start);
                goto bad;
        }

        if (ec < 0 || ec > UBI_MAX_ERASECOUNTER) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad erase counter %lld", ec);
                goto bad;
        }

        return 0;

bad:
        ubi_err(ubi, "bad EC header");
        ubi_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
        dump_stack();
        return 1;
}

/**
 * ubi_io_read_ec_hdr - read and check an erase counter header.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock to read from
 * @ec_hdr: a &struct ubi_ec_hdr object where to store the read erase counter
 * header
 * @verbose: be verbose if the header is corrupted or was not found
 *
 * This function reads erase counter header from physical eraseblock @pnum and
 * stores it in @ec_hdr. This function also checks CRC checksum of the read
 * erase counter header. The following codes may be returned:
 *
 * o %0 if the CRC checksum is correct and the header was successfully read;
 * o %UBI_IO_BITFLIPS if the CRC is correct, but bit-flips were detected
 *   and corrected by the flash driver; this is harmless but may indicate that
 *   this eraseblock may become bad soon (but may be not);
 * o %UBI_IO_BAD_HDR if the erase counter header is corrupted (a CRC error);
 * o %UBI_IO_BAD_HDR_EBADMSG is the same as %UBI_IO_BAD_HDR, but there also was
 *   a data integrity error (uncorrectable ECC error in case of NAND);
 * o %UBI_IO_FF if only 0xFF bytes were read (the PEB is supposedly empty)
 * o a negative error code in case of failure.
 */
int ubi_io_read_ec_hdr(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
                       struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr, int verbose)
{
        int err, read_err;
        uint32_t crc, magic, hdr_crc;

        dbg_io("read EC header from PEB %d", pnum);
        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 && pnum < ubi->peb_count);

        read_err = ubi_io_read(ubi, ec_hdr, pnum, 0, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE);
        if (read_err) {
                if (read_err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS && !mtd_is_eccerr(read_err))
                        return read_err;

                /*
                 * We read all the data, but either a correctable bit-flip
                 * occurred, or MTD reported a data integrity error
                 * (uncorrectable ECC error in case of NAND). The former is
                 * harmless, the later may mean that the read data is
                 * corrupted. But we have a CRC check-sum and we will detect
                 * this. If the EC header is still OK, we just report this as
                 * there was a bit-flip, to force scrubbing.
                 */
        }

        magic = be32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->magic);
        if (magic != UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC) {
                if (mtd_is_eccerr(read_err))
                        return UBI_IO_BAD_HDR_EBADMSG;

                /*
                 * The magic field is wrong. Let's check if we have read all
                 * 0xFF. If yes, this physical eraseblock is assumed to be
                 * empty.
                 */
                if (ubi_check_pattern(ec_hdr, 0xFF, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE)) {
                        /* The physical eraseblock is supposedly empty */
                        if (verbose)
                                ubi_warn(ubi, "no EC header found at PEB %d, only 0xFF bytes",
                                         pnum);
                        dbg_bld("no EC header found at PEB %d, only 0xFF bytes",
                                pnum);
                        if (!read_err)
                                return UBI_IO_FF;
                        else
                                return UBI_IO_FF_BITFLIPS;
                }

                /*
                 * This is not a valid erase counter header, and these are not
                 * 0xFF bytes. Report that the header is corrupted.
                 */
                if (verbose) {
                        ubi_warn(ubi, "bad magic number at PEB %d: %08x instead of %08x",
                                 pnum, magic, UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
                        ubi_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
                }
                dbg_bld("bad magic number at PEB %d: %08x instead of %08x",
                        pnum, magic, UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
                return UBI_IO_BAD_HDR;
        }

        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, ec_hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
        hdr_crc = be32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->hdr_crc);

        if (hdr_crc != crc) {
                if (verbose) {
                        ubi_warn(ubi, "bad EC header CRC at PEB %d, calculated %#08x, read %#08x",
                                 pnum, crc, hdr_crc);
                        ubi_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
                }
                dbg_bld("bad EC header CRC at PEB %d, calculated %#08x, read %#08x",
                        pnum, crc, hdr_crc);

                if (!read_err)
                        return UBI_IO_BAD_HDR;
                else
                        return UBI_IO_BAD_HDR_EBADMSG;
        }

        /* And of course validate what has just been read from the media */
        err = validate_ec_hdr(ubi, ec_hdr);
        if (err) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "validation failed for PEB %d", pnum);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        /*
         * If there was %-EBADMSG, but the header CRC is still OK, report about
         * a bit-flip to force scrubbing on this PEB.
         */
        return read_err ? UBI_IO_BITFLIPS : 0;
}

/**
 * ubi_io_write_ec_hdr - write an erase counter header.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock to write to
 * @ec_hdr: the erase counter header to write
 *
 * This function writes erase counter header described by @ec_hdr to physical
 * eraseblock @pnum. It also fills most fields of @ec_hdr before writing, so
 * the caller do not have to fill them. Callers must only fill the @ec_hdr->ec
 * field.
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure. If %-EIO is returned, the physical eraseblock most probably
 * went bad.
 */
int ubi_io_write_ec_hdr(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
                        struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr)
{
        int err;
        uint32_t crc;

        dbg_io("write EC header to PEB %d", pnum);
        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 &&  pnum < ubi->peb_count);

        ec_hdr->magic = cpu_to_be32(UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
        ec_hdr->version = UBI_VERSION;
        ec_hdr->vid_hdr_offset = cpu_to_be32(ubi->vid_hdr_offset);
        ec_hdr->data_offset = cpu_to_be32(ubi->leb_start);
        ec_hdr->image_seq = cpu_to_be32(ubi->image_seq);
        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, ec_hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
        ec_hdr->hdr_crc = cpu_to_be32(crc);

        err = self_check_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum, ec_hdr);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (ubi_dbg_power_cut(ubi, POWER_CUT_EC_WRITE))
                return -EROFS;

        err = ubi_io_write(ubi, ec_hdr, pnum, 0, ubi->ec_hdr_alsize);
        return err;
}

/**
 * validate_vid_hdr - validate a volume identifier header.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @vid_hdr: the volume identifier header to check
 *
 * This function checks that data stored in the volume identifier header
 * @vid_hdr. Returns zero if the VID header is OK and %1 if not.
 */
static int validate_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi,
                            const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr)
{
        int vol_type = vid_hdr->vol_type;
        int copy_flag = vid_hdr->copy_flag;
        int vol_id = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->vol_id);
        int lnum = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->lnum);
        int compat = vid_hdr->compat;
        int data_size = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_size);
        int used_ebs = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->used_ebs);
        int data_pad = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_pad);
        int data_crc = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->data_crc);
        int usable_leb_size = ubi->leb_size - data_pad;

        if (copy_flag != 0 && copy_flag != 1) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad copy_flag");
                goto bad;
        }

        if (vol_id < 0 || lnum < 0 || data_size < 0 || used_ebs < 0 ||
            data_pad < 0) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "negative values");
                goto bad;
        }

        if (vol_id >= UBI_MAX_VOLUMES && vol_id < UBI_INTERNAL_VOL_START) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad vol_id");
                goto bad;
        }

        if (vol_id < UBI_INTERNAL_VOL_START && compat != 0) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad compat");
                goto bad;
        }

        if (vol_id >= UBI_INTERNAL_VOL_START && compat != UBI_COMPAT_DELETE &&
            compat != UBI_COMPAT_RO && compat != UBI_COMPAT_PRESERVE &&
            compat != UBI_COMPAT_REJECT) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad compat");
                goto bad;
        }

        if (vol_type != UBI_VID_DYNAMIC && vol_type != UBI_VID_STATIC) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad vol_type");
                goto bad;
        }

        if (data_pad >= ubi->leb_size / 2) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad data_pad");
                goto bad;
        }

        if (data_size > ubi->leb_size) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad data_size");
                goto bad;
        }

        if (vol_type == UBI_VID_STATIC) {
                /*
                 * Although from high-level point of view static volumes may
                 * contain zero bytes of data, but no VID headers can contain
                 * zero at these fields, because they empty volumes do not have
                 * mapped logical eraseblocks.
                 */
                if (used_ebs == 0) {
                        ubi_err(ubi, "zero used_ebs");
                        goto bad;
                }
                if (data_size == 0) {
                        ubi_err(ubi, "zero data_size");
                        goto bad;
                }
                if (lnum < used_ebs - 1) {
                        if (data_size != usable_leb_size) {
                                ubi_err(ubi, "bad data_size");
                                goto bad;
                        }
                } else if (lnum == used_ebs - 1) {
                        if (data_size == 0) {
                                ubi_err(ubi, "bad data_size at last LEB");
                                goto bad;
                        }
                } else {
                        ubi_err(ubi, "too high lnum");
                        goto bad;
                }
        } else {
                if (copy_flag == 0) {
                        if (data_crc != 0) {
                                ubi_err(ubi, "non-zero data CRC");
                                goto bad;
                        }
                        if (data_size != 0) {
                                ubi_err(ubi, "non-zero data_size");
                                goto bad;
                        }
                } else {
                        if (data_size == 0) {
                                ubi_err(ubi, "zero data_size of copy");
                                goto bad;
                        }
                }
                if (used_ebs != 0) {
                        ubi_err(ubi, "bad used_ebs");
                        goto bad;
                }
        }

        return 0;

bad:
        ubi_err(ubi, "bad VID header");
        ubi_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
        dump_stack();
        return 1;
}

/**
 * ubi_io_read_vid_hdr - read and check a volume identifier header.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to read from
 * @vidb: the volume identifier buffer to store data in
 * @verbose: be verbose if the header is corrupted or wasn't found
 *
 * This function reads the volume identifier header from physical eraseblock
 * @pnum and stores it in @vidb. It also checks CRC checksum of the read
 * volume identifier header. The error codes are the same as in
 * 'ubi_io_read_ec_hdr()'.
 *
 * Note, the implementation of this function is also very similar to
 * 'ubi_io_read_ec_hdr()', so refer commentaries in 'ubi_io_read_ec_hdr()'.
 */
int ubi_io_read_vid_hdr(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
                        struct ubi_vid_io_buf *vidb, int verbose)
{
        int err, read_err;
        uint32_t crc, magic, hdr_crc;
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr = ubi_get_vid_hdr(vidb);
        void *p = vidb->buffer;

        dbg_io("read VID header from PEB %d", pnum);
        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 &&  pnum < ubi->peb_count);

        read_err = ubi_io_read(ubi, p, pnum, ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset,
                          ubi->vid_hdr_shift + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE);
        if (read_err && read_err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS && !mtd_is_eccerr(read_err))
                return read_err;

        magic = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->magic);
        if (magic != UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC) {
                if (mtd_is_eccerr(read_err))
                        return UBI_IO_BAD_HDR_EBADMSG;

                if (ubi_check_pattern(vid_hdr, 0xFF, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE)) {
                        if (verbose)
                                ubi_warn(ubi, "no VID header found at PEB %d, only 0xFF bytes",
                                         pnum);
                        dbg_bld("no VID header found at PEB %d, only 0xFF bytes",
                                pnum);
                        if (!read_err)
                                return UBI_IO_FF;
                        else
                                return UBI_IO_FF_BITFLIPS;
                }

                if (verbose) {
                        ubi_warn(ubi, "bad magic number at PEB %d: %08x instead of %08x",
                                 pnum, magic, UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
                        ubi_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);

                }
                dbg_bld("bad magic number at PEB %d: %08x instead of %08x",
                        pnum, magic, UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
                return UBI_IO_BAD_HDR;
        }

        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, vid_hdr, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
        hdr_crc = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->hdr_crc);

        if (hdr_crc != crc) {
                if (verbose) {
                        ubi_warn(ubi, "bad CRC at PEB %d, calculated %#08x, read %#08x",
                                 pnum, crc, hdr_crc);
                        ubi_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
                }
                dbg_bld("bad CRC at PEB %d, calculated %#08x, read %#08x",
                        pnum, crc, hdr_crc);
                if (!read_err)
                        return UBI_IO_BAD_HDR;
                else
                        return UBI_IO_BAD_HDR_EBADMSG;
        }

        err = validate_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        if (err) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "validation failed for PEB %d", pnum);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        return read_err ? UBI_IO_BITFLIPS : 0;
}

/**
 * ubi_io_write_vid_hdr - write a volume identifier header.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to write to
 * @vidb: the volume identifier buffer to write
 *
 * This function writes the volume identifier header described by @vid_hdr to
 * physical eraseblock @pnum. This function automatically fills the
 * @vidb->hdr->magic and the @vidb->hdr->version fields, as well as calculates
 * header CRC checksum and stores it at vidb->hdr->hdr_crc.
 *
 * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
 * case of failure. If %-EIO is returned, the physical eraseblock probably went
 * bad.
 */
int ubi_io_write_vid_hdr(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
                         struct ubi_vid_io_buf *vidb)
{
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr = ubi_get_vid_hdr(vidb);
        int err;
        uint32_t crc;
        void *p = vidb->buffer;

        dbg_io("write VID header to PEB %d", pnum);
        ubi_assert(pnum >= 0 &&  pnum < ubi->peb_count);

        err = self_check_peb_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum);
        if (err)
                return err;

        vid_hdr->magic = cpu_to_be32(UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
        vid_hdr->version = UBI_VERSION;
        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, vid_hdr, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
        vid_hdr->hdr_crc = cpu_to_be32(crc);

        err = self_check_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (ubi_dbg_power_cut(ubi, POWER_CUT_VID_WRITE))
                return -EROFS;

        err = ubi_io_write(ubi, p, pnum, ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset,
                           ubi->vid_hdr_alsize);
        return err;
}

/**
 * self_check_not_bad - ensure that a physical eraseblock is not bad.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number to check
 *
 * This function returns zero if the physical eraseblock is good, %-EINVAL if
 * it is bad and a negative error code if an error occurred.
 */
static int self_check_not_bad(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        int err;

        if (!ubi_dbg_chk_io(ubi))
                return 0;

        err = ubi_io_is_bad(ubi, pnum);
        if (!err)
                return err;

        ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
        dump_stack();
        return err > 0 ? -EINVAL : err;
}

/**
 * self_check_ec_hdr - check if an erase counter header is all right.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number the erase counter header belongs to
 * @ec_hdr: the erase counter header to check
 *
 * This function returns zero if the erase counter header contains valid
 * values, and %-EINVAL if not.
 */
static int self_check_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
                             const struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr)
{
        int err;
        uint32_t magic;

        if (!ubi_dbg_chk_io(ubi))
                return 0;

        magic = be32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->magic);
        if (magic != UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad magic %#08x, must be %#08x",
                        magic, UBI_EC_HDR_MAGIC);
                goto fail;
        }

        err = validate_ec_hdr(ubi, ec_hdr);
        if (err) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
                goto fail;
        }

        return 0;

fail:
        ubi_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
        dump_stack();
        return -EINVAL;
}

/**
 * self_check_peb_ec_hdr - check erase counter header.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
 *
 * This function returns zero if the erase counter header is all right and and
 * a negative error code if not or if an error occurred.
 */
static int self_check_peb_ec_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        int err;
        uint32_t crc, hdr_crc;
        struct ubi_ec_hdr *ec_hdr;

        if (!ubi_dbg_chk_io(ubi))
                return 0;

        ec_hdr = kzalloc(ubi->ec_hdr_alsize, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!ec_hdr)
                return -ENOMEM;

        err = ubi_io_read(ubi, ec_hdr, pnum, 0, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE);
        if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS && !mtd_is_eccerr(err))
                goto exit;

        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, ec_hdr, UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
        hdr_crc = be32_to_cpu(ec_hdr->hdr_crc);
        if (hdr_crc != crc) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad CRC, calculated %#08x, read %#08x",
                        crc, hdr_crc);
                ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
                ubi_dump_ec_hdr(ec_hdr);
                dump_stack();
                err = -EINVAL;
                goto exit;
        }

        err = self_check_ec_hdr(ubi, pnum, ec_hdr);

exit:
        kfree(ec_hdr);
        return err;
}

/**
 * self_check_vid_hdr - check that a volume identifier header is all right.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number the volume identifier header belongs to
 * @vid_hdr: the volume identifier header to check
 *
 * This function returns zero if the volume identifier header is all right, and
 * %-EINVAL if not.
 */
static int self_check_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum,
                              const struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr)
{
        int err;
        uint32_t magic;

        if (!ubi_dbg_chk_io(ubi))
                return 0;

        magic = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->magic);
        if (magic != UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad VID header magic %#08x at PEB %d, must be %#08x",
                        magic, pnum, UBI_VID_HDR_MAGIC);
                goto fail;
        }

        err = validate_vid_hdr(ubi, vid_hdr);
        if (err) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
                goto fail;
        }

        return err;

fail:
        ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
        ubi_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
        dump_stack();
        return -EINVAL;

}

/**
 * self_check_peb_vid_hdr - check volume identifier header.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
 *
 * This function returns zero if the volume identifier header is all right,
 * and a negative error code if not or if an error occurred.
 */
static int self_check_peb_vid_hdr(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum)
{
        int err;
        uint32_t crc, hdr_crc;
        struct ubi_vid_io_buf *vidb;
        struct ubi_vid_hdr *vid_hdr;
        void *p;

        if (!ubi_dbg_chk_io(ubi))
                return 0;

        vidb = ubi_alloc_vid_buf(ubi, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!vidb)
                return -ENOMEM;

        vid_hdr = ubi_get_vid_hdr(vidb);
        p = vidb->buffer;
        err = ubi_io_read(ubi, p, pnum, ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset,
                          ubi->vid_hdr_alsize);
        if (err && err != UBI_IO_BITFLIPS && !mtd_is_eccerr(err))
                goto exit;

        crc = crc32(UBI_CRC32_INIT, vid_hdr, UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE_CRC);
        hdr_crc = be32_to_cpu(vid_hdr->hdr_crc);
        if (hdr_crc != crc) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "bad VID header CRC at PEB %d, calculated %#08x, read %#08x",
                        pnum, crc, hdr_crc);
                ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
                ubi_dump_vid_hdr(vid_hdr);
                dump_stack();
                err = -EINVAL;
                goto exit;
        }

        err = self_check_vid_hdr(ubi, pnum, vid_hdr);

exit:
        ubi_free_vid_buf(vidb);
        return err;
}

/**
 * self_check_write - make sure write succeeded.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @buf: buffer with data which were written
 * @pnum: physical eraseblock number the data were written to
 * @offset: offset within the physical eraseblock the data were written to
 * @len: how many bytes were written
 *
 * This functions reads data which were recently written and compares it with
 * the original data buffer - the data have to match. Returns zero if the data
 * match and a negative error code if not or in case of failure.
 */
static int self_check_write(struct ubi_device *ubi, const void *buf, int pnum,
                            int offset, int len)
{
        int err, i;
        size_t read;
        void *buf1;
        loff_t addr = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size + offset;

        if (!ubi_dbg_chk_io(ubi))
                return 0;

        buf1 = __vmalloc(len, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!buf1) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "cannot allocate memory to check writes");
                return 0;
        }

        err = mtd_read(ubi->mtd, addr, len, &read, buf1);
        if (err && !mtd_is_bitflip(err))
                goto out_free;

        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                uint8_t c = ((uint8_t *)buf)[i];
                uint8_t c1 = ((uint8_t *)buf1)[i];
                int dump_len;

                if (c == c1)
                        continue;

                ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d:%d, len %d",
                        pnum, offset, len);
                ubi_msg(ubi, "data differ at position %d", i);
                dump_len = max_t(int, 128, len - i);
                ubi_msg(ubi, "hex dump of the original buffer from %d to %d",
                        i, i + dump_len);
                print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
                               buf + i, dump_len, 1);
                ubi_msg(ubi, "hex dump of the read buffer from %d to %d",
                        i, i + dump_len);
                print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1,
                               buf1 + i, dump_len, 1);
                dump_stack();
                err = -EINVAL;
                goto out_free;
        }

        vfree(buf1);
        return 0;

out_free:
        vfree(buf1);
        return err;
}

/**
 * ubi_self_check_all_ff - check that a region of flash is empty.
 * @ubi: UBI device description object
 * @pnum: the physical eraseblock number to check
 * @offset: the starting offset within the physical eraseblock to check
 * @len: the length of the region to check
 *
 * This function returns zero if only 0xFF bytes are present at offset
 * @offset of the physical eraseblock @pnum, and a negative error code if not
 * or if an error occurred.
 */
int ubi_self_check_all_ff(struct ubi_device *ubi, int pnum, int offset, int len)
{
        size_t read;
        int err;
        void *buf;
        loff_t addr = (loff_t)pnum * ubi->peb_size + offset;

        if (!ubi_dbg_chk_io(ubi))
                return 0;

        buf = __vmalloc(len, GFP_NOFS);
        if (!buf) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "cannot allocate memory to check for 0xFFs");
                return 0;
        }

        err = mtd_read(ubi->mtd, addr, len, &read, buf);
        if (err && !mtd_is_bitflip(err)) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "err %d while reading %d bytes from PEB %d:%d, read %zd bytes",
                        err, len, pnum, offset, read);
                goto error;
        }

        err = ubi_check_pattern(buf, 0xFF, len);
        if (err == 0) {
                ubi_err(ubi, "flash region at PEB %d:%d, length %d does not contain all 0xFF bytes",
                        pnum, offset, len);
                goto fail;
        }

        vfree(buf);
        return 0;

fail:
        ubi_err(ubi, "self-check failed for PEB %d", pnum);
        ubi_msg(ubi, "hex dump of the %d-%d region", offset, offset + len);
        print_hex_dump(KERN_DEBUG, "", DUMP_PREFIX_OFFSET, 32, 1, buf, len, 1);
        err = -EINVAL;
error:
        dump_stack();
        vfree(buf);
        return err;
}