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25#include <linux/kernel.h>
26#include <linux/module.h>
27#include <linux/slab.h>
28#include <linux/sched.h>
29#include <linux/types.h>
30#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
31
32#include <linux/mtd/mtd.h>
33#include <linux/mtd/concat.h>
34
35#include <asm/div64.h>
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43struct mtd_concat {
44 struct mtd_info mtd;
45 int num_subdev;
46 struct mtd_info **subdev;
47};
48
49
50
51
52
53#define SIZEOF_STRUCT_MTD_CONCAT(num_subdev) \
54 ((sizeof(struct mtd_concat) + (num_subdev) * sizeof(struct mtd_info *)))
55
56
57
58
59
60#define CONCAT(x) ((struct mtd_concat *)(x))
61
62
63
64
65
66
67static int
68concat_read(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t from, size_t len,
69 size_t * retlen, u_char * buf)
70{
71 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
72 int ret = 0, err;
73 int i;
74
75 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
76 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
77 size_t size, retsize;
78
79 if (from >= subdev->size) {
80
81 size = 0;
82 from -= subdev->size;
83 continue;
84 }
85 if (from + len > subdev->size)
86
87 size = subdev->size - from;
88 else
89
90 size = len;
91
92 err = mtd_read(subdev, from, size, &retsize, buf);
93
94
95 if (unlikely(err)) {
96 if (mtd_is_eccerr(err)) {
97 mtd->ecc_stats.failed++;
98 ret = err;
99 } else if (mtd_is_bitflip(err)) {
100 mtd->ecc_stats.corrected++;
101
102 if (!ret)
103 ret = err;
104 } else
105 return err;
106 }
107
108 *retlen += retsize;
109 len -= size;
110 if (len == 0)
111 return ret;
112
113 buf += size;
114 from = 0;
115 }
116 return -EINVAL;
117}
118
119static int
120concat_write(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t to, size_t len,
121 size_t * retlen, const u_char * buf)
122{
123 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
124 int err = -EINVAL;
125 int i;
126
127 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
128 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
129 size_t size, retsize;
130
131 if (to >= subdev->size) {
132 size = 0;
133 to -= subdev->size;
134 continue;
135 }
136 if (to + len > subdev->size)
137 size = subdev->size - to;
138 else
139 size = len;
140
141 err = mtd_write(subdev, to, size, &retsize, buf);
142 if (err)
143 break;
144
145 *retlen += retsize;
146 len -= size;
147 if (len == 0)
148 break;
149
150 err = -EINVAL;
151 buf += size;
152 to = 0;
153 }
154 return err;
155}
156
157static int
158concat_writev(struct mtd_info *mtd, const struct kvec *vecs,
159 unsigned long count, loff_t to, size_t * retlen)
160{
161 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
162 struct kvec *vecs_copy;
163 unsigned long entry_low, entry_high;
164 size_t total_len = 0;
165 int i;
166 int err = -EINVAL;
167
168
169 for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
170 total_len += vecs[i].iov_len;
171
172
173 if (mtd->writesize > 1) {
174 uint64_t __to = to;
175 if (do_div(__to, mtd->writesize) || (total_len % mtd->writesize))
176 return -EINVAL;
177 }
178
179
180 vecs_copy = kmemdup(vecs, sizeof(struct kvec) * count, GFP_KERNEL);
181 if (!vecs_copy)
182 return -ENOMEM;
183
184 entry_low = 0;
185 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
186 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
187 size_t size, wsize, retsize, old_iov_len;
188
189 if (to >= subdev->size) {
190 to -= subdev->size;
191 continue;
192 }
193
194 size = min_t(uint64_t, total_len, subdev->size - to);
195 wsize = size;
196
197 entry_high = entry_low;
198 while (entry_high < count) {
199 if (size <= vecs_copy[entry_high].iov_len)
200 break;
201 size -= vecs_copy[entry_high++].iov_len;
202 }
203
204 old_iov_len = vecs_copy[entry_high].iov_len;
205 vecs_copy[entry_high].iov_len = size;
206
207 err = mtd_writev(subdev, &vecs_copy[entry_low],
208 entry_high - entry_low + 1, to, &retsize);
209
210 vecs_copy[entry_high].iov_len = old_iov_len - size;
211 vecs_copy[entry_high].iov_base += size;
212
213 entry_low = entry_high;
214
215 if (err)
216 break;
217
218 *retlen += retsize;
219 total_len -= wsize;
220
221 if (total_len == 0)
222 break;
223
224 err = -EINVAL;
225 to = 0;
226 }
227
228 kfree(vecs_copy);
229 return err;
230}
231
232static int
233concat_read_oob(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t from, struct mtd_oob_ops *ops)
234{
235 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
236 struct mtd_oob_ops devops = *ops;
237 int i, err, ret = 0;
238
239 ops->retlen = ops->oobretlen = 0;
240
241 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
242 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
243
244 if (from >= subdev->size) {
245 from -= subdev->size;
246 continue;
247 }
248
249
250 if (from + devops.len > subdev->size)
251 devops.len = subdev->size - from;
252
253 err = mtd_read_oob(subdev, from, &devops);
254 ops->retlen += devops.retlen;
255 ops->oobretlen += devops.oobretlen;
256
257
258 if (unlikely(err)) {
259 if (mtd_is_eccerr(err)) {
260 mtd->ecc_stats.failed++;
261 ret = err;
262 } else if (mtd_is_bitflip(err)) {
263 mtd->ecc_stats.corrected++;
264
265 if (!ret)
266 ret = err;
267 } else
268 return err;
269 }
270
271 if (devops.datbuf) {
272 devops.len = ops->len - ops->retlen;
273 if (!devops.len)
274 return ret;
275 devops.datbuf += devops.retlen;
276 }
277 if (devops.oobbuf) {
278 devops.ooblen = ops->ooblen - ops->oobretlen;
279 if (!devops.ooblen)
280 return ret;
281 devops.oobbuf += ops->oobretlen;
282 }
283
284 from = 0;
285 }
286 return -EINVAL;
287}
288
289static int
290concat_write_oob(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t to, struct mtd_oob_ops *ops)
291{
292 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
293 struct mtd_oob_ops devops = *ops;
294 int i, err;
295
296 if (!(mtd->flags & MTD_WRITEABLE))
297 return -EROFS;
298
299 ops->retlen = ops->oobretlen = 0;
300
301 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
302 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
303
304 if (to >= subdev->size) {
305 to -= subdev->size;
306 continue;
307 }
308
309
310 if (to + devops.len > subdev->size)
311 devops.len = subdev->size - to;
312
313 err = mtd_write_oob(subdev, to, &devops);
314 ops->retlen += devops.retlen;
315 ops->oobretlen += devops.oobretlen;
316 if (err)
317 return err;
318
319 if (devops.datbuf) {
320 devops.len = ops->len - ops->retlen;
321 if (!devops.len)
322 return 0;
323 devops.datbuf += devops.retlen;
324 }
325 if (devops.oobbuf) {
326 devops.ooblen = ops->ooblen - ops->oobretlen;
327 if (!devops.ooblen)
328 return 0;
329 devops.oobbuf += devops.oobretlen;
330 }
331 to = 0;
332 }
333 return -EINVAL;
334}
335
336static void concat_erase_callback(struct erase_info *instr)
337{
338 wake_up((wait_queue_head_t *) instr->priv);
339}
340
341static int concat_dev_erase(struct mtd_info *mtd, struct erase_info *erase)
342{
343 int err;
344 wait_queue_head_t waitq;
345 DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current);
346
347
348
349
350 init_waitqueue_head(&waitq);
351
352 erase->mtd = mtd;
353 erase->callback = concat_erase_callback;
354 erase->priv = (unsigned long) &waitq;
355
356
357
358
359
360 err = mtd_erase(mtd, erase);
361 if (!err) {
362 set_current_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
363 add_wait_queue(&waitq, &wait);
364 if (erase->state != MTD_ERASE_DONE
365 && erase->state != MTD_ERASE_FAILED)
366 schedule();
367 remove_wait_queue(&waitq, &wait);
368 set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
369
370 err = (erase->state == MTD_ERASE_FAILED) ? -EIO : 0;
371 }
372 return err;
373}
374
375static int concat_erase(struct mtd_info *mtd, struct erase_info *instr)
376{
377 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
378 struct mtd_info *subdev;
379 int i, err;
380 uint64_t length, offset = 0;
381 struct erase_info *erase;
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389 if (!concat->mtd.numeraseregions) {
390
391 if (instr->addr & (concat->mtd.erasesize - 1))
392 return -EINVAL;
393 if (instr->len & (concat->mtd.erasesize - 1))
394 return -EINVAL;
395 } else {
396
397 struct mtd_erase_region_info *erase_regions =
398 concat->mtd.eraseregions;
399
400
401
402
403 for (i = 0; i < concat->mtd.numeraseregions &&
404 instr->addr >= erase_regions[i].offset; i++) ;
405 --i;
406
407
408
409
410
411
412 if (i < 0 || instr->addr & (erase_regions[i].erasesize - 1))
413 return -EINVAL;
414
415
416
417
418 for (; i < concat->mtd.numeraseregions &&
419 (instr->addr + instr->len) >= erase_regions[i].offset;
420 ++i) ;
421 --i;
422
423
424
425 if (i < 0 || ((instr->addr + instr->len) &
426 (erase_regions[i].erasesize - 1)))
427 return -EINVAL;
428 }
429
430
431 erase = kmalloc(sizeof (struct erase_info), GFP_KERNEL);
432
433 if (!erase)
434 return -ENOMEM;
435
436 *erase = *instr;
437 length = instr->len;
438
439
440
441
442
443 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
444 subdev = concat->subdev[i];
445 if (subdev->size <= erase->addr) {
446 erase->addr -= subdev->size;
447 offset += subdev->size;
448 } else {
449 break;
450 }
451 }
452
453
454 BUG_ON(i >= concat->num_subdev);
455
456
457 err = 0;
458 for (; length > 0; i++) {
459
460 subdev = concat->subdev[i];
461
462
463 if (erase->addr + length > subdev->size)
464 erase->len = subdev->size - erase->addr;
465 else
466 erase->len = length;
467
468 length -= erase->len;
469 if ((err = concat_dev_erase(subdev, erase))) {
470
471
472 BUG_ON(err == -EINVAL);
473 if (erase->fail_addr != MTD_FAIL_ADDR_UNKNOWN)
474 instr->fail_addr = erase->fail_addr + offset;
475 break;
476 }
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485 erase->addr = 0;
486 offset += subdev->size;
487 }
488 instr->state = erase->state;
489 kfree(erase);
490 if (err)
491 return err;
492
493 if (instr->callback)
494 instr->callback(instr);
495 return 0;
496}
497
498static int concat_lock(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t ofs, uint64_t len)
499{
500 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
501 int i, err = -EINVAL;
502
503 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
504 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
505 uint64_t size;
506
507 if (ofs >= subdev->size) {
508 size = 0;
509 ofs -= subdev->size;
510 continue;
511 }
512 if (ofs + len > subdev->size)
513 size = subdev->size - ofs;
514 else
515 size = len;
516
517 err = mtd_lock(subdev, ofs, size);
518 if (err)
519 break;
520
521 len -= size;
522 if (len == 0)
523 break;
524
525 err = -EINVAL;
526 ofs = 0;
527 }
528
529 return err;
530}
531
532static int concat_unlock(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t ofs, uint64_t len)
533{
534 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
535 int i, err = 0;
536
537 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
538 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
539 uint64_t size;
540
541 if (ofs >= subdev->size) {
542 size = 0;
543 ofs -= subdev->size;
544 continue;
545 }
546 if (ofs + len > subdev->size)
547 size = subdev->size - ofs;
548 else
549 size = len;
550
551 err = mtd_unlock(subdev, ofs, size);
552 if (err)
553 break;
554
555 len -= size;
556 if (len == 0)
557 break;
558
559 err = -EINVAL;
560 ofs = 0;
561 }
562
563 return err;
564}
565
566static void concat_sync(struct mtd_info *mtd)
567{
568 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
569 int i;
570
571 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
572 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
573 mtd_sync(subdev);
574 }
575}
576
577static int concat_suspend(struct mtd_info *mtd)
578{
579 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
580 int i, rc = 0;
581
582 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
583 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
584 if ((rc = mtd_suspend(subdev)) < 0)
585 return rc;
586 }
587 return rc;
588}
589
590static void concat_resume(struct mtd_info *mtd)
591{
592 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
593 int i;
594
595 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
596 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
597 mtd_resume(subdev);
598 }
599}
600
601static int concat_block_isbad(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t ofs)
602{
603 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
604 int i, res = 0;
605
606 if (!mtd_can_have_bb(concat->subdev[0]))
607 return res;
608
609 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
610 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
611
612 if (ofs >= subdev->size) {
613 ofs -= subdev->size;
614 continue;
615 }
616
617 res = mtd_block_isbad(subdev, ofs);
618 break;
619 }
620
621 return res;
622}
623
624static int concat_block_markbad(struct mtd_info *mtd, loff_t ofs)
625{
626 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
627 int i, err = -EINVAL;
628
629 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
630 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
631
632 if (ofs >= subdev->size) {
633 ofs -= subdev->size;
634 continue;
635 }
636
637 err = mtd_block_markbad(subdev, ofs);
638 if (!err)
639 mtd->ecc_stats.badblocks++;
640 break;
641 }
642
643 return err;
644}
645
646
647
648
649
650static unsigned long concat_get_unmapped_area(struct mtd_info *mtd,
651 unsigned long len,
652 unsigned long offset,
653 unsigned long flags)
654{
655 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
656 int i;
657
658 for (i = 0; i < concat->num_subdev; i++) {
659 struct mtd_info *subdev = concat->subdev[i];
660
661 if (offset >= subdev->size) {
662 offset -= subdev->size;
663 continue;
664 }
665
666 return mtd_get_unmapped_area(subdev, len, offset, flags);
667 }
668
669 return (unsigned long) -ENOSYS;
670}
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678struct mtd_info *mtd_concat_create(struct mtd_info *subdev[],
679 int num_devs,
680 const char *name)
681{
682 int i;
683 size_t size;
684 struct mtd_concat *concat;
685 uint32_t max_erasesize, curr_erasesize;
686 int num_erase_region;
687 int max_writebufsize = 0;
688
689 printk(KERN_NOTICE "Concatenating MTD devices:\n");
690 for (i = 0; i < num_devs; i++)
691 printk(KERN_NOTICE "(%d): \"%s\"\n", i, subdev[i]->name);
692 printk(KERN_NOTICE "into device \"%s\"\n", name);
693
694
695 size = SIZEOF_STRUCT_MTD_CONCAT(num_devs);
696 concat = kzalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
697 if (!concat) {
698 printk
699 ("memory allocation error while creating concatenated device \"%s\"\n",
700 name);
701 return NULL;
702 }
703 concat->subdev = (struct mtd_info **) (concat + 1);
704
705
706
707
708
709 concat->mtd.type = subdev[0]->type;
710 concat->mtd.flags = subdev[0]->flags;
711 concat->mtd.size = subdev[0]->size;
712 concat->mtd.erasesize = subdev[0]->erasesize;
713 concat->mtd.writesize = subdev[0]->writesize;
714
715 for (i = 0; i < num_devs; i++)
716 if (max_writebufsize < subdev[i]->writebufsize)
717 max_writebufsize = subdev[i]->writebufsize;
718 concat->mtd.writebufsize = max_writebufsize;
719
720 concat->mtd.subpage_sft = subdev[0]->subpage_sft;
721 concat->mtd.oobsize = subdev[0]->oobsize;
722 concat->mtd.oobavail = subdev[0]->oobavail;
723 if (subdev[0]->_writev)
724 concat->mtd._writev = concat_writev;
725 if (subdev[0]->_read_oob)
726 concat->mtd._read_oob = concat_read_oob;
727 if (subdev[0]->_write_oob)
728 concat->mtd._write_oob = concat_write_oob;
729 if (subdev[0]->_block_isbad)
730 concat->mtd._block_isbad = concat_block_isbad;
731 if (subdev[0]->_block_markbad)
732 concat->mtd._block_markbad = concat_block_markbad;
733
734 concat->mtd.ecc_stats.badblocks = subdev[0]->ecc_stats.badblocks;
735
736 concat->subdev[0] = subdev[0];
737
738 for (i = 1; i < num_devs; i++) {
739 if (concat->mtd.type != subdev[i]->type) {
740 kfree(concat);
741 printk("Incompatible device type on \"%s\"\n",
742 subdev[i]->name);
743 return NULL;
744 }
745 if (concat->mtd.flags != subdev[i]->flags) {
746
747
748
749
750 if ((concat->mtd.flags ^ subdev[i]->
751 flags) & ~MTD_WRITEABLE) {
752 kfree(concat);
753 printk("Incompatible device flags on \"%s\"\n",
754 subdev[i]->name);
755 return NULL;
756 } else
757
758
759 concat->mtd.flags |=
760 subdev[i]->flags & MTD_WRITEABLE;
761 }
762
763 concat->mtd.size += subdev[i]->size;
764 concat->mtd.ecc_stats.badblocks +=
765 subdev[i]->ecc_stats.badblocks;
766 if (concat->mtd.writesize != subdev[i]->writesize ||
767 concat->mtd.subpage_sft != subdev[i]->subpage_sft ||
768 concat->mtd.oobsize != subdev[i]->oobsize ||
769 !concat->mtd._read_oob != !subdev[i]->_read_oob ||
770 !concat->mtd._write_oob != !subdev[i]->_write_oob) {
771 kfree(concat);
772 printk("Incompatible OOB or ECC data on \"%s\"\n",
773 subdev[i]->name);
774 return NULL;
775 }
776 concat->subdev[i] = subdev[i];
777
778 }
779
780 mtd_set_ooblayout(&concat->mtd, subdev[0]->ooblayout);
781
782 concat->num_subdev = num_devs;
783 concat->mtd.name = name;
784
785 concat->mtd._erase = concat_erase;
786 concat->mtd._read = concat_read;
787 concat->mtd._write = concat_write;
788 concat->mtd._sync = concat_sync;
789 concat->mtd._lock = concat_lock;
790 concat->mtd._unlock = concat_unlock;
791 concat->mtd._suspend = concat_suspend;
792 concat->mtd._resume = concat_resume;
793 concat->mtd._get_unmapped_area = concat_get_unmapped_area;
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801 max_erasesize = curr_erasesize = subdev[0]->erasesize;
802 num_erase_region = 1;
803 for (i = 0; i < num_devs; i++) {
804 if (subdev[i]->numeraseregions == 0) {
805
806 if (subdev[i]->erasesize != curr_erasesize) {
807
808 ++num_erase_region;
809 curr_erasesize = subdev[i]->erasesize;
810 if (curr_erasesize > max_erasesize)
811 max_erasesize = curr_erasesize;
812 }
813 } else {
814
815 int j;
816 for (j = 0; j < subdev[i]->numeraseregions; j++) {
817
818
819 if (subdev[i]->eraseregions[j].erasesize !=
820 curr_erasesize) {
821 ++num_erase_region;
822 curr_erasesize =
823 subdev[i]->eraseregions[j].
824 erasesize;
825 if (curr_erasesize > max_erasesize)
826 max_erasesize = curr_erasesize;
827 }
828 }
829 }
830 }
831
832 if (num_erase_region == 1) {
833
834
835
836
837 concat->mtd.erasesize = curr_erasesize;
838 concat->mtd.numeraseregions = 0;
839 } else {
840 uint64_t tmp64;
841
842
843
844
845
846 struct mtd_erase_region_info *erase_region_p;
847 uint64_t begin, position;
848
849 concat->mtd.erasesize = max_erasesize;
850 concat->mtd.numeraseregions = num_erase_region;
851 concat->mtd.eraseregions = erase_region_p =
852 kmalloc(num_erase_region *
853 sizeof (struct mtd_erase_region_info), GFP_KERNEL);
854 if (!erase_region_p) {
855 kfree(concat);
856 printk
857 ("memory allocation error while creating erase region list"
858 " for device \"%s\"\n", name);
859 return NULL;
860 }
861
862
863
864
865
866 curr_erasesize = subdev[0]->erasesize;
867 begin = position = 0;
868 for (i = 0; i < num_devs; i++) {
869 if (subdev[i]->numeraseregions == 0) {
870
871 if (subdev[i]->erasesize != curr_erasesize) {
872
873
874
875
876 erase_region_p->offset = begin;
877 erase_region_p->erasesize =
878 curr_erasesize;
879 tmp64 = position - begin;
880 do_div(tmp64, curr_erasesize);
881 erase_region_p->numblocks = tmp64;
882 begin = position;
883
884 curr_erasesize = subdev[i]->erasesize;
885 ++erase_region_p;
886 }
887 position += subdev[i]->size;
888 } else {
889
890 int j;
891 for (j = 0; j < subdev[i]->numeraseregions; j++) {
892
893 if (subdev[i]->eraseregions[j].
894 erasesize != curr_erasesize) {
895 erase_region_p->offset = begin;
896 erase_region_p->erasesize =
897 curr_erasesize;
898 tmp64 = position - begin;
899 do_div(tmp64, curr_erasesize);
900 erase_region_p->numblocks = tmp64;
901 begin = position;
902
903 curr_erasesize =
904 subdev[i]->eraseregions[j].
905 erasesize;
906 ++erase_region_p;
907 }
908 position +=
909 subdev[i]->eraseregions[j].
910 numblocks * (uint64_t)curr_erasesize;
911 }
912 }
913 }
914
915 erase_region_p->offset = begin;
916 erase_region_p->erasesize = curr_erasesize;
917 tmp64 = position - begin;
918 do_div(tmp64, curr_erasesize);
919 erase_region_p->numblocks = tmp64;
920 }
921
922 return &concat->mtd;
923}
924
925
926
927
928
929void mtd_concat_destroy(struct mtd_info *mtd)
930{
931 struct mtd_concat *concat = CONCAT(mtd);
932 if (concat->mtd.numeraseregions)
933 kfree(concat->mtd.eraseregions);
934 kfree(concat);
935}
936
937EXPORT_SYMBOL(mtd_concat_create);
938EXPORT_SYMBOL(mtd_concat_destroy);
939
940MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
941MODULE_AUTHOR("Robert Kaiser <rkaiser@sysgo.de>");
942MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Generic support for concatenating of MTD devices");
943