// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 *  linux/mm/swap.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * This file contains the default values for the operation of the
 * Linux VM subsystem. Fine-tuning documentation can be found in
 * Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/vm.rst.
 * Started 18.12.91
 * Swap aging added 23.2.95, Stephen Tweedie.
 * Buffermem limits added 12.3.98, Rik van Riel.
 */

#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/mm_inline.h>
#include <linux/percpu_counter.h>
#include <linux/memremap.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/notifier.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/page_idle.h>

#include "internal.h"

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/pagemap.h>

/* How many pages do we try to swap or page in/out together? */
int page_cluster;

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, lru_add_pvec);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, lru_rotate_pvecs);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, lru_deactivate_file_pvecs);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, lru_deactivate_pvecs);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, lru_lazyfree_pvecs);
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct pagevec, activate_page_pvecs);
#endif

/*
 * This path almost never happens for VM activity - pages are normally
 * freed via pagevecs.  But it gets used by networking.
 */
static void __page_cache_release(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageLRU(page)) {
                pg_data_t *pgdat = page_pgdat(page);
                struct lruvec *lruvec;
                unsigned long flags;

                spin_lock_irqsave(&pgdat->lru_lock, flags);
                lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, pgdat);
                VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLRU(page), page);
                __ClearPageLRU(page);
                del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, page_off_lru(page));
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pgdat->lru_lock, flags);
        }
        __ClearPageWaiters(page);
}

static void __put_single_page(struct page *page)
{
        __page_cache_release(page);
        mem_cgroup_uncharge(page);
        free_unref_page(page);
}

static void __put_compound_page(struct page *page)
{
        compound_page_dtor *dtor;

        /*
         * __page_cache_release() is supposed to be called for thp, not for
         * hugetlb. This is because hugetlb page does never have PageLRU set
         * (it's never listed to any LRU lists) and no memcg routines should
         * be called for hugetlb (it has a separate hugetlb_cgroup.)
         */
        if (!PageHuge(page))
                __page_cache_release(page);
        dtor = get_compound_page_dtor(page);
        (*dtor)(page);
}

void __put_page(struct page *page)
{
        if (is_zone_device_page(page)) {
                put_dev_pagemap(page->pgmap);

                /*
                 * The page belongs to the device that created pgmap. Do
                 * not return it to page allocator.
                 */
                return;
        }

        if (unlikely(PageCompound(page)))
                __put_compound_page(page);
        else
                __put_single_page(page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__put_page);

/**
 * put_pages_list() - release a list of pages
 * @pages: list of pages threaded on page->lru
 *
 * Release a list of pages which are strung together on page.lru.  Currently
 * used by read_cache_pages() and related error recovery code.
 */
void put_pages_list(struct list_head *pages)
{
        while (!list_empty(pages)) {
                struct page *victim;

                victim = lru_to_page(pages);
                list_del(&victim->lru);
                put_page(victim);
        }
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(put_pages_list);

/*
 * get_kernel_pages() - pin kernel pages in memory
 * @kiov:       An array of struct kvec structures
 * @nr_segs:    number of segments to pin
 * @write:      pinning for read/write, currently ignored
 * @pages:      array that receives pointers to the pages pinned.
 *              Should be at least nr_segs long.
 *
 * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number
 * requested. If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages
 * were pinned, returns -errno. Each page returned must be released
 * with a put_page() call when it is finished with.
 */
int get_kernel_pages(const struct kvec *kiov, int nr_segs, int write,
                struct page **pages)
{
        int seg;

        for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
                if (WARN_ON(kiov[seg].iov_len != PAGE_SIZE))
                        return seg;

                pages[seg] = kmap_to_page(kiov[seg].iov_base);
                get_page(pages[seg]);
        }

        return seg;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_kernel_pages);

/*
 * get_kernel_page() - pin a kernel page in memory
 * @start:      starting kernel address
 * @write:      pinning for read/write, currently ignored
 * @pages:      array that receives pointer to the page pinned.
 *              Must be at least nr_segs long.
 *
 * Returns 1 if page is pinned. If the page was not pinned, returns
 * -errno. The page returned must be released with a put_page() call
 * when it is finished with.
 */
int get_kernel_page(unsigned long start, int write, struct page **pages)
{
        const struct kvec kiov = {
                .iov_base = (void *)start,
                .iov_len = PAGE_SIZE
        };

        return get_kernel_pages(&kiov, 1, write, pages);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(get_kernel_page);

static void pagevec_lru_move_fn(struct pagevec *pvec,
        void (*move_fn)(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec, void *arg),
        void *arg)
{
        int i;
        struct pglist_data *pgdat = NULL;
        struct lruvec *lruvec;
        unsigned long flags = 0;

        for (i = 0; i < pagevec_count(pvec); i++) {
                struct page *page = pvec->pages[i];
                struct pglist_data *pagepgdat = page_pgdat(page);

                if (pagepgdat != pgdat) {
                        if (pgdat)
                                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pgdat->lru_lock, flags);
                        pgdat = pagepgdat;
                        spin_lock_irqsave(&pgdat->lru_lock, flags);
                }

                lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, pgdat);
                (*move_fn)(page, lruvec, arg);
        }
        if (pgdat)
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&pgdat->lru_lock, flags);
        release_pages(pvec->pages, pvec->nr);
        pagevec_reinit(pvec);
}

static void pagevec_move_tail_fn(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                                 void *arg)
{
        int *pgmoved = arg;

        if (PageLRU(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, page_lru(page));
                ClearPageActive(page);
                add_page_to_lru_list_tail(page, lruvec, page_lru(page));
                (*pgmoved)++;
        }
}

/*
 * pagevec_move_tail() must be called with IRQ disabled.
 * Otherwise this may cause nasty races.
 */
static void pagevec_move_tail(struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        int pgmoved = 0;

        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, pagevec_move_tail_fn, &pgmoved);
        __count_vm_events(PGROTATED, pgmoved);
}

/*
 * Writeback is about to end against a page which has been marked for immediate
 * reclaim.  If it still appears to be reclaimable, move it to the tail of the
 * inactive list.
 */
void rotate_reclaimable_page(struct page *page)
{
        if (!PageLocked(page) && !PageDirty(page) &&
            !PageUnevictable(page) && PageLRU(page)) {
                struct pagevec *pvec;
                unsigned long flags;

                get_page(page);
                local_irq_save(flags);
                pvec = this_cpu_ptr(&lru_rotate_pvecs);
                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page) || PageCompound(page))
                        pagevec_move_tail(pvec);
                local_irq_restore(flags);
        }
}

static void update_page_reclaim_stat(struct lruvec *lruvec,
                                     int file, int rotated)
{
        struct zone_reclaim_stat *reclaim_stat = &lruvec->reclaim_stat;

        reclaim_stat->recent_scanned[file]++;
        if (rotated)
                reclaim_stat->recent_rotated[file]++;
}

static void __activate_page(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                            void *arg)
{
        if (PageLRU(page) && !PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                int file = page_is_file_cache(page);
                int lru = page_lru_base_type(page);

                del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
                SetPageActive(page);
                lru += LRU_ACTIVE;
                add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
                trace_mm_lru_activate(page);

                __count_vm_event(PGACTIVATE);
                update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, file, 1);
        }
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
static void activate_page_drain(int cpu)
{
        struct pagevec *pvec = &per_cpu(activate_page_pvecs, cpu);

        if (pagevec_count(pvec))
                pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, __activate_page, NULL);
}

static bool need_activate_page_drain(int cpu)
{
        return pagevec_count(&per_cpu(activate_page_pvecs, cpu)) != 0;
}

void activate_page(struct page *page)
{
        page = compound_head(page);
        if (PageLRU(page) && !PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(activate_page_pvecs);

                get_page(page);
                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page) || PageCompound(page))
                        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, __activate_page, NULL);
                put_cpu_var(activate_page_pvecs);
        }
}

#else
static inline void activate_page_drain(int cpu)
{
}

void activate_page(struct page *page)
{
        pg_data_t *pgdat = page_pgdat(page);

        page = compound_head(page);
        spin_lock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
        __activate_page(page, mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, pgdat), NULL);
        spin_unlock_irq(&pgdat->lru_lock);
}
#endif

static void __lru_cache_activate_page(struct page *page)
{
        struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(lru_add_pvec);
        int i;

        /*
         * Search backwards on the optimistic assumption that the page being
         * activated has just been added to this pagevec. Note that only
         * the local pagevec is examined as a !PageLRU page could be in the
         * process of being released, reclaimed, migrated or on a remote
         * pagevec that is currently being drained. Furthermore, marking
         * a remote pagevec's page PageActive potentially hits a race where
         * a page is marked PageActive just after it is added to the inactive
         * list causing accounting errors and BUG_ON checks to trigger.
         */
        for (i = pagevec_count(pvec) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                struct page *pagevec_page = pvec->pages[i];

                if (pagevec_page == page) {
                        SetPageActive(page);
                        break;
                }
        }

        put_cpu_var(lru_add_pvec);
}

/*
 * Mark a page as having seen activity.
 *
 * inactive,unreferenced        ->      inactive,referenced
 * inactive,referenced          ->      active,unreferenced
 * active,unreferenced          ->      active,referenced
 *
 * When a newly allocated page is not yet visible, so safe for non-atomic ops,
 * __SetPageReferenced(page) may be substituted for mark_page_accessed(page).
 */
void mark_page_accessed(struct page *page)
{
        page = compound_head(page);
        if (!PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page) &&
                        PageReferenced(page)) {

                /*
                 * If the page is on the LRU, queue it for activation via
                 * activate_page_pvecs. Otherwise, assume the page is on a
                 * pagevec, mark it active and it'll be moved to the active
                 * LRU on the next drain.
                 */
                if (PageLRU(page))
                        activate_page(page);
                else
                        __lru_cache_activate_page(page);
                ClearPageReferenced(page);
                if (page_is_file_cache(page))
                        workingset_activation(page);
        } else if (!PageReferenced(page)) {
                SetPageReferenced(page);
        }
        if (page_is_idle(page))
                clear_page_idle(page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mark_page_accessed);

static void __lru_cache_add(struct page *page)
{
        struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(lru_add_pvec);

        get_page(page);
        if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page) || PageCompound(page))
                __pagevec_lru_add(pvec);
        put_cpu_var(lru_add_pvec);
}

/**
 * lru_cache_add_anon - add a page to the page lists
 * @page: the page to add
 */
void lru_cache_add_anon(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageActive(page))
                ClearPageActive(page);
        __lru_cache_add(page);
}

void lru_cache_add_file(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageActive(page))
                ClearPageActive(page);
        __lru_cache_add(page);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(lru_cache_add_file);

/**
 * lru_cache_add - add a page to a page list
 * @page: the page to be added to the LRU.
 *
 * Queue the page for addition to the LRU via pagevec. The decision on whether
 * to add the page to the [in]active [file|anon] list is deferred until the
 * pagevec is drained. This gives a chance for the caller of lru_cache_add()
 * have the page added to the active list using mark_page_accessed().
 */
void lru_cache_add(struct page *page)
{
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageActive(page) && PageUnevictable(page), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);
        __lru_cache_add(page);
}

/**
 * lru_cache_add_active_or_unevictable
 * @page:  the page to be added to LRU
 * @vma:   vma in which page is mapped for determining reclaimability
 *
 * Place @page on the active or unevictable LRU list, depending on its
 * evictability.  Note that if the page is not evictable, it goes
 * directly back onto it's zone's unevictable list, it does NOT use a
 * per cpu pagevec.
 */
void lru_cache_add_active_or_unevictable(struct page *page,
                                         struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);

        if (likely((vma->vm_flags & (VM_LOCKED | VM_SPECIAL)) != VM_LOCKED))
                SetPageActive(page);
        else if (!TestSetPageMlocked(page)) {
                /*
                 * We use the irq-unsafe __mod_zone_page_stat because this
                 * counter is not modified from interrupt context, and the pte
                 * lock is held(spinlock), which implies preemption disabled.
                 */
                __mod_zone_page_state(page_zone(page), NR_MLOCK,
                                    hpage_nr_pages(page));
                count_vm_event(UNEVICTABLE_PGMLOCKED);
        }
        lru_cache_add(page);
}

/*
 * If the page can not be invalidated, it is moved to the
 * inactive list to speed up its reclaim.  It is moved to the
 * head of the list, rather than the tail, to give the flusher
 * threads some time to write it out, as this is much more
 * effective than the single-page writeout from reclaim.
 *
 * If the page isn't page_mapped and dirty/writeback, the page
 * could reclaim asap using PG_reclaim.
 *
 * 1. active, mapped page -> none
 * 2. active, dirty/writeback page -> inactive, head, PG_reclaim
 * 3. inactive, mapped page -> none
 * 4. inactive, dirty/writeback page -> inactive, head, PG_reclaim
 * 5. inactive, clean -> inactive, tail
 * 6. Others -> none
 *
 * In 4, why it moves inactive's head, the VM expects the page would
 * be write it out by flusher threads as this is much more effective
 * than the single-page writeout from reclaim.
 */
static void lru_deactivate_file_fn(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                              void *arg)
{
        int lru, file;
        bool active;

        if (!PageLRU(page))
                return;

        if (PageUnevictable(page))
                return;

        /* Some processes are using the page */
        if (page_mapped(page))
                return;

        active = PageActive(page);
        file = page_is_file_cache(page);
        lru = page_lru_base_type(page);

        del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru + active);
        ClearPageActive(page);
        ClearPageReferenced(page);

        if (PageWriteback(page) || PageDirty(page)) {
                /*
                 * PG_reclaim could be raced with end_page_writeback
                 * It can make readahead confusing.  But race window
                 * is _really_ small and  it's non-critical problem.
                 */
                add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
                SetPageReclaim(page);
        } else {
                /*
                 * The page's writeback ends up during pagevec
                 * We moves tha page into tail of inactive.
                 */
                add_page_to_lru_list_tail(page, lruvec, lru);
                __count_vm_event(PGROTATED);
        }

        if (active)
                __count_vm_event(PGDEACTIVATE);
        update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, file, 0);
}

static void lru_deactivate_fn(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                            void *arg)
{
        if (PageLRU(page) && PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                int file = page_is_file_cache(page);
                int lru = page_lru_base_type(page);

                del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru + LRU_ACTIVE);
                ClearPageActive(page);
                ClearPageReferenced(page);
                add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);

                __count_vm_events(PGDEACTIVATE, hpage_nr_pages(page));
                update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, file, 0);
        }
}

static void lru_lazyfree_fn(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                            void *arg)
{
        if (PageLRU(page) && PageAnon(page) && PageSwapBacked(page) &&
            !PageSwapCache(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                bool active = PageActive(page);

                del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec,
                                       LRU_INACTIVE_ANON + active);
                ClearPageActive(page);
                ClearPageReferenced(page);
                /*
                 * lazyfree pages are clean anonymous pages. They have
                 * SwapBacked flag cleared to distinguish normal anonymous
                 * pages
                 */
                ClearPageSwapBacked(page);
                add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, LRU_INACTIVE_FILE);

                __count_vm_events(PGLAZYFREE, hpage_nr_pages(page));
                count_memcg_page_event(page, PGLAZYFREE);
                update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, 1, 0);
        }
}

/*
 * Drain pages out of the cpu's pagevecs.
 * Either "cpu" is the current CPU, and preemption has already been
 * disabled; or "cpu" is being hot-unplugged, and is already dead.
 */
void lru_add_drain_cpu(int cpu)
{
        struct pagevec *pvec = &per_cpu(lru_add_pvec, cpu);

        if (pagevec_count(pvec))
                __pagevec_lru_add(pvec);

        pvec = &per_cpu(lru_rotate_pvecs, cpu);
        if (pagevec_count(pvec)) {
                unsigned long flags;

                /* No harm done if a racing interrupt already did this */
                local_irq_save(flags);
                pagevec_move_tail(pvec);
                local_irq_restore(flags);
        }

        pvec = &per_cpu(lru_deactivate_file_pvecs, cpu);
        if (pagevec_count(pvec))
                pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, lru_deactivate_file_fn, NULL);

        pvec = &per_cpu(lru_deactivate_pvecs, cpu);
        if (pagevec_count(pvec))
                pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, lru_deactivate_fn, NULL);

        pvec = &per_cpu(lru_lazyfree_pvecs, cpu);
        if (pagevec_count(pvec))
                pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, lru_lazyfree_fn, NULL);

        activate_page_drain(cpu);
}

/**
 * deactivate_file_page - forcefully deactivate a file page
 * @page: page to deactivate
 *
 * This function hints the VM that @page is a good reclaim candidate,
 * for example if its invalidation fails due to the page being dirty
 * or under writeback.
 */
void deactivate_file_page(struct page *page)
{
        /*
         * In a workload with many unevictable page such as mprotect,
         * unevictable page deactivation for accelerating reclaim is pointless.
         */
        if (PageUnevictable(page))
                return;

        if (likely(get_page_unless_zero(page))) {
                struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(lru_deactivate_file_pvecs);

                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page) || PageCompound(page))
                        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, lru_deactivate_file_fn, NULL);
                put_cpu_var(lru_deactivate_file_pvecs);
        }
}

/*
 * deactivate_page - deactivate a page
 * @page: page to deactivate
 *
 * deactivate_page() moves @page to the inactive list if @page was on the active
 * list and was not an unevictable page.  This is done to accelerate the reclaim
 * of @page.
 */
void deactivate_page(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageLRU(page) && PageActive(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(lru_deactivate_pvecs);

                get_page(page);
                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page) || PageCompound(page))
                        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, lru_deactivate_fn, NULL);
                put_cpu_var(lru_deactivate_pvecs);
        }
}

/**
 * mark_page_lazyfree - make an anon page lazyfree
 * @page: page to deactivate
 *
 * mark_page_lazyfree() moves @page to the inactive file list.
 * This is done to accelerate the reclaim of @page.
 */
void mark_page_lazyfree(struct page *page)
{
        if (PageLRU(page) && PageAnon(page) && PageSwapBacked(page) &&
            !PageSwapCache(page) && !PageUnevictable(page)) {
                struct pagevec *pvec = &get_cpu_var(lru_lazyfree_pvecs);

                get_page(page);
                if (!pagevec_add(pvec, page) || PageCompound(page))
                        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, lru_lazyfree_fn, NULL);
                put_cpu_var(lru_lazyfree_pvecs);
        }
}

void lru_add_drain(void)
{
        lru_add_drain_cpu(get_cpu());
        put_cpu();
}

#ifdef CONFIG_SMP

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct work_struct, lru_add_drain_work);

static void lru_add_drain_per_cpu(struct work_struct *dummy)
{
        lru_add_drain();
}

/*
 * Doesn't need any cpu hotplug locking because we do rely on per-cpu
 * kworkers being shut down before our page_alloc_cpu_dead callback is
 * executed on the offlined cpu.
 * Calling this function with cpu hotplug locks held can actually lead
 * to obscure indirect dependencies via WQ context.
 */
void lru_add_drain_all(void)
{
        static DEFINE_MUTEX(lock);
        static struct cpumask has_work;
        int cpu;

        /*
         * Make sure nobody triggers this path before mm_percpu_wq is fully
         * initialized.
         */
        if (WARN_ON(!mm_percpu_wq))
                return;

        mutex_lock(&lock);
        cpumask_clear(&has_work);

        for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
                struct work_struct *work = &per_cpu(lru_add_drain_work, cpu);

                if (pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_add_pvec, cpu)) ||
                    pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_rotate_pvecs, cpu)) ||
                    pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_deactivate_file_pvecs, cpu)) ||
                    pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_deactivate_pvecs, cpu)) ||
                    pagevec_count(&per_cpu(lru_lazyfree_pvecs, cpu)) ||
                    need_activate_page_drain(cpu)) {
                        INIT_WORK(work, lru_add_drain_per_cpu);
                        queue_work_on(cpu, mm_percpu_wq, work);
                        cpumask_set_cpu(cpu, &has_work);
                }
        }

        for_each_cpu(cpu, &has_work)
                flush_work(&per_cpu(lru_add_drain_work, cpu));

        mutex_unlock(&lock);
}
#else
void lru_add_drain_all(void)
{
        lru_add_drain();
}
#endif

/**
 * release_pages - batched put_page()
 * @pages: array of pages to release
 * @nr: number of pages
 *
 * Decrement the reference count on all the pages in @pages.  If it
 * fell to zero, remove the page from the LRU and free it.
 */
void release_pages(struct page **pages, int nr)
{
        int i;
        LIST_HEAD(pages_to_free);
        struct pglist_data *locked_pgdat = NULL;
        struct lruvec *lruvec;
        unsigned long uninitialized_var(flags);
        unsigned int uninitialized_var(lock_batch);

        for (i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
                struct page *page = pages[i];

                /*
                 * Make sure the IRQ-safe lock-holding time does not get
                 * excessive with a continuous string of pages from the
                 * same pgdat. The lock is held only if pgdat != NULL.
                 */
                if (locked_pgdat && ++lock_batch == SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX) {
                        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&locked_pgdat->lru_lock, flags);
                        locked_pgdat = NULL;
                }

                if (is_huge_zero_page(page))
                        continue;

                if (is_zone_device_page(page)) {
                        if (locked_pgdat) {
                                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&locked_pgdat->lru_lock,
                                                       flags);
                                locked_pgdat = NULL;
                        }
                        /*
                         * ZONE_DEVICE pages that return 'false' from
                         * put_devmap_managed_page() do not require special
                         * processing, and instead, expect a call to
                         * put_page_testzero().
                         */
                        if (put_devmap_managed_page(page))
                                continue;
                }

                page = compound_head(page);
                if (!put_page_testzero(page))
                        continue;

                if (PageCompound(page)) {
                        if (locked_pgdat) {
                                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&locked_pgdat->lru_lock, flags);
                                locked_pgdat = NULL;
                        }
                        __put_compound_page(page);
                        continue;
                }

                if (PageLRU(page)) {
                        struct pglist_data *pgdat = page_pgdat(page);

                        if (pgdat != locked_pgdat) {
                                if (locked_pgdat)
                                        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&locked_pgdat->lru_lock,
                                                                        flags);
                                lock_batch = 0;
                                locked_pgdat = pgdat;
                                spin_lock_irqsave(&locked_pgdat->lru_lock, flags);
                        }

                        lruvec = mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(page, locked_pgdat);
                        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLRU(page), page);
                        __ClearPageLRU(page);
                        del_page_from_lru_list(page, lruvec, page_off_lru(page));
                }

                /* Clear Active bit in case of parallel mark_page_accessed */
                __ClearPageActive(page);
                __ClearPageWaiters(page);

                list_add(&page->lru, &pages_to_free);
        }
        if (locked_pgdat)
                spin_unlock_irqrestore(&locked_pgdat->lru_lock, flags);

        mem_cgroup_uncharge_list(&pages_to_free);
        free_unref_page_list(&pages_to_free);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(release_pages);

/*
 * The pages which we're about to release may be in the deferred lru-addition
 * queues.  That would prevent them from really being freed right now.  That's
 * OK from a correctness point of view but is inefficient - those pages may be
 * cache-warm and we want to give them back to the page allocator ASAP.
 *
 * So __pagevec_release() will drain those queues here.  __pagevec_lru_add()
 * and __pagevec_lru_add_active() call release_pages() directly to avoid
 * mutual recursion.
 */
void __pagevec_release(struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        if (!pvec->percpu_pvec_drained) {
                lru_add_drain();
                pvec->percpu_pvec_drained = true;
        }
        release_pages(pvec->pages, pagevec_count(pvec));
        pagevec_reinit(pvec);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__pagevec_release);

#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
/* used by __split_huge_page_refcount() */
void lru_add_page_tail(struct page *page, struct page *page_tail,
                       struct lruvec *lruvec, struct list_head *list)
{
        const int file = 0;

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageHead(page), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageCompound(page_tail), page);
        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page_tail), page);
        lockdep_assert_held(&lruvec_pgdat(lruvec)->lru_lock);

        if (!list)
                SetPageLRU(page_tail);

        if (likely(PageLRU(page)))
                list_add_tail(&page_tail->lru, &page->lru);
        else if (list) {
                /* page reclaim is reclaiming a huge page */
                get_page(page_tail);
                list_add_tail(&page_tail->lru, list);
        } else {
                /*
                 * Head page has not yet been counted, as an hpage,
                 * so we must account for each subpage individually.
                 *
                 * Put page_tail on the list at the correct position
                 * so they all end up in order.
                 */
                add_page_to_lru_list_tail(page_tail, lruvec,
                                          page_lru(page_tail));
        }

        if (!PageUnevictable(page))
                update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, file, PageActive(page_tail));
}
#endif /* CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE */

static void __pagevec_lru_add_fn(struct page *page, struct lruvec *lruvec,
                                 void *arg)
{
        enum lru_list lru;
        int was_unevictable = TestClearPageUnevictable(page);

        VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageLRU(page), page);

        SetPageLRU(page);
        /*
         * Page becomes evictable in two ways:
         * 1) Within LRU lock [munlock_vma_page() and __munlock_pagevec()].
         * 2) Before acquiring LRU lock to put the page to correct LRU and then
         *   a) do PageLRU check with lock [check_move_unevictable_pages]
         *   b) do PageLRU check before lock [clear_page_mlock]
         *
         * (1) & (2a) are ok as LRU lock will serialize them. For (2b), we need
         * following strict ordering:
         *
         * #0: __pagevec_lru_add_fn             #1: clear_page_mlock
         *
         * SetPageLRU()                         TestClearPageMlocked()
         * smp_mb() // explicit ordering        // above provides strict
         *                                      // ordering
         * PageMlocked()                        PageLRU()
         *
         *
         * if '#1' does not observe setting of PG_lru by '#0' and fails
         * isolation, the explicit barrier will make sure that page_evictable
         * check will put the page in correct LRU. Without smp_mb(), SetPageLRU
         * can be reordered after PageMlocked check and can make '#1' to fail
         * the isolation of the page whose Mlocked bit is cleared (#0 is also
         * looking at the same page) and the evictable page will be stranded
         * in an unevictable LRU.
         */
        smp_mb();

        if (page_evictable(page)) {
                lru = page_lru(page);
                update_page_reclaim_stat(lruvec, page_is_file_cache(page),
                                         PageActive(page));
                if (was_unevictable)
                        count_vm_event(UNEVICTABLE_PGRESCUED);
        } else {
                lru = LRU_UNEVICTABLE;
                ClearPageActive(page);
                SetPageUnevictable(page);
                if (!was_unevictable)
                        count_vm_event(UNEVICTABLE_PGCULLED);
        }

        add_page_to_lru_list(page, lruvec, lru);
        trace_mm_lru_insertion(page, lru);
}

/*
 * Add the passed pages to the LRU, then drop the caller's refcount
 * on them.  Reinitialises the caller's pagevec.
 */
void __pagevec_lru_add(struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        pagevec_lru_move_fn(pvec, __pagevec_lru_add_fn, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__pagevec_lru_add);

/**
 * pagevec_lookup_entries - gang pagecache lookup
 * @pvec:       Where the resulting entries are placed
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting entry index
 * @nr_entries: The maximum number of pages
 * @indices:    The cache indices corresponding to the entries in @pvec
 *
 * pagevec_lookup_entries() will search for and return a group of up
 * to @nr_pages pages and shadow entries in the mapping.  All
 * entries are placed in @pvec.  pagevec_lookup_entries() takes a
 * reference against actual pages in @pvec.
 *
 * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous entries with
 * ascending indexes.  There may be holes in the indices due to
 * not-present entries.
 *
 * pagevec_lookup_entries() returns the number of entries which were
 * found.
 */
unsigned pagevec_lookup_entries(struct pagevec *pvec,
                                struct address_space *mapping,
                                pgoff_t start, unsigned nr_entries,
                                pgoff_t *indices)
{
        pvec->nr = find_get_entries(mapping, start, nr_entries,
                                    pvec->pages, indices);
        return pagevec_count(pvec);
}

/**

 * pagevec_remove_exceptionals - pagevec exceptionals pruning
 * @pvec:       The pagevec to prune
 *
 * pagevec_lookup_entries() fills both pages and exceptional radix
 * tree entries into the pagevec.  This function prunes all
 * exceptionals from @pvec without leaving holes, so that it can be
 * passed on to page-only pagevec operations.
 */
void pagevec_remove_exceptionals(struct pagevec *pvec)
{
        int i, j;

        for (i = 0, j = 0; i < pagevec_count(pvec); i++) {
                struct page *page = pvec->pages[i];
                if (!xa_is_value(page))
                        pvec->pages[j++] = page;
        }
        pvec->nr = j;
}

/**
 * pagevec_lookup_range - gang pagecache lookup
 * @pvec:       Where the resulting pages are placed
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting page index
 * @end:        The final page index
 *
 * pagevec_lookup_range() will search for & return a group of up to PAGEVEC_SIZE
 * pages in the mapping starting from index @start and upto index @end
 * (inclusive).  The pages are placed in @pvec.  pagevec_lookup() takes a
 * reference against the pages in @pvec.
 *
 * The search returns a group of mapping-contiguous pages with ascending
 * indexes.  There may be holes in the indices due to not-present pages. We
 * also update @start to index the next page for the traversal.
 *
 * pagevec_lookup_range() returns the number of pages which were found. If this
 * number is smaller than PAGEVEC_SIZE, the end of specified range has been
 * reached.
 */
unsigned pagevec_lookup_range(struct pagevec *pvec,
                struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *start, pgoff_t end)
{
        pvec->nr = find_get_pages_range(mapping, start, end, PAGEVEC_SIZE,
                                        pvec->pages);
        return pagevec_count(pvec);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagevec_lookup_range);

unsigned pagevec_lookup_range_tag(struct pagevec *pvec,
                struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *index, pgoff_t end,
                xa_mark_t tag)
{
        pvec->nr = find_get_pages_range_tag(mapping, index, end, tag,
                                        PAGEVEC_SIZE, pvec->pages);
        return pagevec_count(pvec);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagevec_lookup_range_tag);

unsigned pagevec_lookup_range_nr_tag(struct pagevec *pvec,
                struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *index, pgoff_t end,
                xa_mark_t tag, unsigned max_pages)
{
        pvec->nr = find_get_pages_range_tag(mapping, index, end, tag,
                min_t(unsigned int, max_pages, PAGEVEC_SIZE), pvec->pages);
        return pagevec_count(pvec);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(pagevec_lookup_range_nr_tag);
/*
 * Perform any setup for the swap system
 */
void __init swap_setup(void)
{
        unsigned long megs = totalram_pages() >> (20 - PAGE_SHIFT);

        /* Use a smaller cluster for small-memory machines */
        if (megs < 16)
                page_cluster = 2;
        else
                page_cluster = 3;
        /*
         * Right now other parts of the system means that we
         * _really_ don't want to cluster much more
         */
}